Hip-Hop’s Effect on African-American Feminists

Kelli Hickey Cheryl Hitosis English161 December 7, 2007 Hip-Hop’s Effect on African-American Feminists Annotated Bibliography Davis, Eisa. â€Å"Sexism and the Art of Feminists Hip-Hop Maintenance. † To be Real: Telling the Truth and Changing the Face of Feminism. New York: Anchor Books, 1995. 131-139. Davis points out that not all feminists are taking the concept of sexism so casually and also _ believes that rap lyrics are not the only cause for the degradation of black women. Black _ _ men have given black women a place where they can gain public acceptance in popular _ _ culture. _ DiPrima, Dominique. â€Å"Women in Rap. † Hotwire. May 1991: 36. Salt-N-Pepa is introduced and this tells how they make a statement in hip-hop music _ through their lyrics. DiPrima talks about the group’s female empowerment that became_ _ present in their songs. _ Emerson, Rana. â€Å"African-American Teenage Girls and the Construction of Black Womanhood in Mass Media and Popular Culture. † 88. Emerson says the lyrics make racism seem normal and acceptable. In contrast, black girls _ remain confident in themselves. They use popular culture to make their lives more meaningful _ _ and express themselves. Niesel, Jeff. â€Å"Hip-Hop Matters: Rewriting the Sexual Politics of Rap Music. † Third Wave Agenda: Being Feminist, Doing Feminism. Minneapolis: U of Minneapolis P, 1997. 242-245. Niesel states rap music is exploitative, but it also plays a significant role in enforcing _ feminists’ principles. He says there are rappers out there who use their rap t o advocate _ _ treating women fairly, and bring awareness of social problems. _ Pilgrim, Dr. David. â€Å"Jezebel. † July 2002. http://www. ferris. edu/news/jimcrow/jezebel. Pilgrim says black women have always been viewed as sexually promiscuous. These views _ still carry on in pop culture today. He also talks about how black women were viewed in the _ _ times of Foxy Brown and Lil Kim. _ Pough, Gwendolyn D. â€Å"Love Feminism but Where’s My Hip-Hop? † Colonize This! Young Women of Color on Today’s Feminism. New York: Seal Press, 2002. 91-92. Pough talks about the need for African-American men to exploit women in music due to _ women gave her courage as a young women to use confrontations in her own life. Also, she _ _ talks about good verses bad work ethic among black women in music videos. Rose, Tricia. â€Å"Tricia Rose on Hip-Hop. † Interview with Princeton University. Program in the Study of Women and Gender. Dec. 1993. Rose talks about the bad effect of young women listening to degrading lyrics and believing _ them. Additionally, she says that when a woman makes a justifiable critique, men make it _ _ seem like some sort of PMS attack. _ Valenti, Jessica. Full Frontal Feminism. New York: Sea l Press, 2007. 10. Valenti talks about the third wave feminist movement and how it uses personal narratives, _ unlike prior waves of feminism. _

Modern day diseases

There is something almost contradictory around the idea of man-made diseases. It could easily create images of mad scientists or evil terrorists creating the ultimate In biological weaponry. At this point the conspiracy theorist In all of us starts to wonder about the origin of any number of diseases and we look over our shoulders cautiously to see if Big Brother is standing there. However, between the conspiracies and the terror campaigns is a fascinating list of diseases that could fit the criteria.Within these there has to be recognition that not all, If any, man-made diseases are created Intentionally and some are more the result f the progress of the species than of any dire plan. 10. Obesity Although It Is more than cause of disease rather than the disease Itself, It Is probably worth recognizing that obesity In the twenty-first century Is the product of a society that has removed, through changing work habits or the provision of convenience, the practices that previously kept it in check. In this way, man has made the basis off plethora of diseases.In the last twenty years, obesity rates in the developed world have virtually doubled. This has had a profound effect on the number of number of people suffering Gall Bladder Disease, Type 2 Diabetes, Hypertension and Displacement, as well as increasing a number of other health concerns. This has led to obesity being acknowledged as being virtually epidemic in its spread through and impact on the human race. There are those who are genetically disposed to obesity and for these people it remains a condition to be managed.But for the greater part of the Industrialized world, almost a third of all people are afflicted with a disease that is â€Å"caught† through inactivity, poor diet and a lack of awareness. The AIDS virus has been blamed on any number of Institutions, Just as It has on arioso species and continents. While many of us believe that Its eruption and the misery it has caused is similar to othe r dreadful epidemics, such as the Black Plague, that have afflicted the human race and whose origins have never been fully determined, there are also many who mount strong arguments for human intervention. Comate the human race. However, as it primarily attacked the homosexual community, the ravages of AIDS were mostly limited too minority. Yet it is this limitation that has raised so many questions. Was it a stroke of â€Å"luck† that AIDS began in the gay community? Or was it a planned assault on a sector of the community that offended the establishment? The circumstantial evidence has led theorists to consider the role of the American Government, the World Health Organization and even the Catholic Church as players in a diabolical scheme to rid the world of homosexuals.But as any more substantial proof is not forthcoming, it is difficult to accept that any human could inflict such tragedy on another, let alone on millions. Whether through the volume of voices raised in pro test or through the bizarre series of facts that seemed to have fallen into place to see it begin as it did, there is enough injector to consider that AIDS may have been a man-made disease.While there is little, if any, evidence to suggest that Cardiovascular Disease is the product of direct or deliberate intervention by an individual or group of scientists, it must be considered that it incidence has risen dramatically in the light of modern living. This would suggest that, while not exactly man-made, the danger and spread of the disease is clearly attributable to man's cultural and social progress. Cardiovascular Disease was the cause of less than ten per cent of deaths at the start f the twentieth century, yet today has a role in at least thirty per cent of deaths.Eight out of every ten of deaths from this disease today occur in the developed nations of the world. The causes of Cardiovascular Disease include smoking, high blood pressure, physical inactivity and poor diet. This wo uld suggest that as we have become more prone to stress, as we have lost the need to work in ways that maintain physical effort and as we have been provided with convenient food sources as opposed to healthy ones, we have become more susceptible to this disease.Man has made his life more pleasurable, convenient and comfortable, but has multitudinously made a disease that is growing in its prevalence Viruses can have a debilitating effect on susceptible organisms and when people are sick they have a tendency to look for someone to blame. While it is occasionally satisfying to growl at the dog or snarl at the cat when one isn't feeling well, the prospect of blaming a pig for a potentially fatal virus offers little comfort. On this basis, a number of broadly termed â€Å"scientifically-minded† people have decided that Swine Flu is a man-made disease.There is a strained, but compelling logic to the argument. Swine Flu is believed to be he result of a combination of four previousl y identified viruses, a Swine Flu strain from Asia/Europe, North American swine flu, North American avian flu and human different species coming together by accident is incomprehensible, so there must have been human intervention. That is, bitterroot are at work. However, with the speed and ease with which people and animals now move around the world, it is quite possible that a virus could be carried enormous distances by multiple hosts.The high rate of vaccination and immunization that occurs in the general population means that non-symptomatic arises are far more common than was once the case. The sad predicament of the pig in being susceptible to both human and bird diseases, not to mention his own collection of bugs, makes him an effective breeding ground for a huge gathering of virus component. The endpoint being a nasty virus, combining four previously known viruses, that comes from swine, that is the Swine Flu. As neat as this explanation is, the scientists can't realistical ly claim to have it all their own way.Their scenario makes sense, but the probabilities behind it must give something to the â€Å"scientifically-minded†. On this basis, the man-made versus quirk of nature argument remains a nil-all draw. Although the polio virus itself is on the brink of extinction worldwide and many governments have been considering the abolition of vaccination against the disease, US researchers were able to add it to the list of man-made diseases in 2002 by â€Å"building† the first synthetic virus based on the genome of the polio virus.That is to say, while the rest of the world celebrated the defeat of a monster, scientists put time and effort into reviving it once again. While there may have been good reason to create the virus, such as studying it to covers the best means of defeating its like in future, the people responsible had a more simplistic motive for their work. The reason they did it was to prove that it can be done.They also admitted that they had achieved the feat by following a recipe that â€Å"they downloaded from the internet† and were able to use gene sequences that they attained from a mail-order service. In answer to criticism that they had made the way clear for terrorists to create new and deadly viruses, the researchers explained that there are only a handful of people who would have the knowledge to carry out the task successfully. But they did advise that all governments should follow the lead of the World Health Organization and stockpile significant quantities of polio vaccine Just in case.As broad as this topic is, by the very nature of the process through which vaccines are made and administered, they must be the most effective and impressive of man- made diseases. The earliest medical practitioners would probably have noticed that those who survived a virus, however nasty (the virus, not the people), were somehow didn't know how to use this knowledge. The Chinese had a revolting, but cl ever attempt at harnessing this process in their trudge against smallpox, but it wasn't until the sass's that the idea really found an audience in Europe.Now the study and production of vaccines is continually being improved, but the basic procedure remains the same. Simplistically, a virus contains two parts, that which makes us sick and that which contains antigens that stimulate the immune response. By isolating the antigens a vaccine is able to be created that will tell our immune system to build up defenses against a particular virus. Then when the virus reaches us, we already have the defenses in place.

Strategic Management at Nokia Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Management at Nokia - Coursework Example Strategic thinking is defined as â€Å"an intent-driven approach to a strategy based on critical theory and supported by a complex cluster of cognitive capabilities that are distinct and different from strategic planning†. It can be clarified further as a cognitive process that is quite different from the strategic planning process and can stand independently as a formally created planning process. It depicts itself differently irrespective of being generated by an organization, team or an individual (Grundy and Brown, 2002). The main purpose of strategic thinking is problem-solving and leading a rigorous process of challenging, exploring and examining the underlying premises of the strategy and at the same time, generating new options for creating a sustainable, innovative and winning strategy. Strategic thinking is imaginative, inclusive and based on critical-reflective process. The positioning of future competitive advantage for the organization is the heart of every strate gy. In this regards, strategic thinking should reflect this essence. Strategic thinking is the process that helps in driving the strategy. Positioning the future competitive advantage signifies that competitive advantage of an organization erodes with time and strategic thinking is required in this respect for continuously strengthening and developing it. In an organization, the executives, the policymakers and senior line managers are seen to exhibit strategic thinking. A similar situation is also observed in the case of Nokia. The smartphone strategy implemented by the CEO of Nokia, Stephen Elop is a manifestation of strategic thinking. This strategy change was necessary for the organization since it was facing a decline in its market share caused by the fierce competition in the smartphone segment. Nokia experienced profound changes after initiating the smartphone strategy and has marked the end of an era. Moreover, the CEO of Nokia had correctly found that the present battle in the smartphone segment was not about the devices but the ecosystem. In this context, the CEO of Nokia had shown strategic thinking and had foreseen the future. Thus, the company ended up merging with Microsoft as both of them has positioned themselves to construct a competitive and viable mobile ecosystem.

Foster Care kids Need an education too Research Paper - 1

Foster Care kids Need an education too - Research Paper Example It is estimated that about 542,000 children live temporarily in Foster care as their parents or relatives struggle with drug addiction, alcohol, financial hardship, and illnesses among other difficulties (Anon, 2014). American society has partially failed to some extent especially in providing foster kids with the most fundamental necessities like quality education. Moreover, some of the children in those care units become aged out or ‘emancipated’ thus put into the outside world without any financial, emotional support or a shelter. In 2012 alone, more than 23,439 kids in foster kids were aged out thus ended up being released to the hostile outside world without financial, shelter and emotional support (Soronen, 2014). However, most foster care homes try their level best so as to provide the kids with the most basic necessities including emotional and social support as well as foster their development with regard to providing them with basic education. Such attention is very crucial for them since most of these kids have dealt with mistreatment like neglect and abuse in the past, a factor that affects their development and mental health in a great way (Soronen, 2014). Social and emotional upheavals are among the major factors that affect the quality of education that foster care children get. A significant number of them suffer emotionally and psychologically, a factor that dramatically affects their concentration in school. Studies have shown that kids in foster care experience extraordinary challenges with a significant percentage of them suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder even more than the veterans who come back from war. Related studies have also shown that about half of the children in these homes brawl with mental fitness challenges resulting from the trauma they have endured (Newton, Litrownik & Landsverk, 2000). This means that schoolteachers and the society in general have a

On being ill by Virginia Woolf and Politics and the English Language Essay

On being ill by Virginia Woolf and Politics and the English Language George Orwell compared - Essay Example She noted that people usually lack words to express their feelings during sickness unlike numerous words available to express love, battle, and jealousy. On the other hand, George Orwell in his article, â€Å"Politics and the English Language, he criticized the modern English writing style for its filthy and incorrect use of language. His assignment was to call people to the task of thinking clearly by using the language appropriately. At the end of his article, he gave several rules to assist and protect writers from incorrect use of language. A concise description of similarities and differences of the essays The two are articles were mainly concerned with English language as a tool of communication, and the effect of language misuse. The two were also written to raise a voice to make English a better language in communication. The two articles were written for different audience and hence different tones. According to George, inaccurate language comes as a result of insincerity w hile according to Virginia; language problem in illness is as a result of negligence of illness topics. The comparison of the articles The two articles can be said to describe a deficiency in English language as a result of a weak education system in literature and media influence. George’s concern was mainly language quality while Virginia’s concern was lack of words to describe feelings which come with illness.... From the examples, he drew out various inaccurate uses of English such as dying metaphors, operators or verbal false limbs, pretentious diction (Orwell 3) and meaningless words (Orwell 4). Both articles were concerned with giving a solution to the language problem. George’s article advised that people could only avoid using poor language if only they started thinking clearly. As a result, use of correct language would cause them to think more clearly (Orwell 1). Virginia argues that language experts have undermined coming up with words to describe illness feelings and there is need to have some people come up with words to help patients communicate. She complained, â€Å"But of all this daily drama of the body there is no record† (Woolf 10). She complained that people always wrote about ideas from the mind but failed to write about the body. The Contrast of the Articles Virginia used remorseful tone while expressing the agony ill people experience as they try to communi cate. The tone was meant for a particular audience who are mainly health care workers. For example, she explained that for a very ill person, â€Å"There is nothing ready made for him. He is forced to coin words himself† (Woolf 11). She explained that ill people have no one to speak out for them. George on the other hand used an aggressive tone while describing how English language has lost its quality and loss of creativity in modern language. The aggressive tone reveals that the article was mainly written for unlimited audience including politicians. He gave an example of a sentence in Ecclesiastes where no other translation matched the original script in terms of creativity (Orwell 5). George criticized wrong usage of language such as dying metaphors (Orwell 2), operators, or verbal false

Quality Management in Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Quality Management in Business - Assignment Example The group has a net operating cash flow of  £125.5 million. In the year 2014, Zizzi managed to sell products worth  £594.7 million. Depicting a 5.6% increase in total sales from the previous year. Zizzi’s earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization accumulated to  £119.1 million. There have been significant improvements in food perceptions among Zizzi customers according to The Big Restaurant survey in 2014. Zizzi restaurant is ISO certified (Woodhouse, 2014). I. Understanding the various quality management strategies/techniques that are suitable for commercial operations Zizzi restaurant is perceived to offer services of high quality. Zizzi demonstrates quality by striving to provide the best possible services to its customers. This is offered by Zizzi’s highly trained and talented chefs who cook very delicious Italian and local meals. The design of every restaurant is performed by local artists to ensure the restaurant entails local people’s tastes and preferences. The restaurant utilizes the following dimensions when measuring the quality of services to its customers (McCormick, 2002):  · Features – Zizzi examines the features of different dishes offered in its menu to measure the quality of the services it provides. Dish features include special recipes desserts and spices.  · Performance – The restaurant also scrutinizes financial reports to assess the quality of service it offers. The Increase in total sales indicates a rise in the quality of service provided. Alternatively, a decrease in total sales will imply a reduction in quality.

The Lord Of The Ring Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Lord Of The Ring - Research Paper Example Long before, there existed twenty rings: nine were for men, seven for dwarves, three for elves and another unique ring was made by the Dark lord Sauron in Mordor and would rule all the others. This last ring is the one that stirs conflict in the story and ensures continuity. The story is divided in three parts: the Fellowship of the Ring, the Two Towers and the Return of the King. This paper will discuss the conflicts faced by the protagonist, the ways he deals with them and whether he succeeds in his quest (Tolkien 49). Conflicts between the Protagonist and Other Characters and how he resolves them Frodo is the ring bearer and the protagonist in the trilogy. He is a young hobbit chosen by the wizard Gandalf to return the ring to Mordor. This happens when the eccentric hobbit Bilbo departs from his home in the Shire and gives his most treasured ring to Frodo. Due to the difficulty he had in giving away his ring, the Wizard Gandalf suspects that it is the powerful ring forged by Sauro n. The wizard warns Frodo that the ring must be destroyed since Sauron had already learnt of its whereabouts from the creature Gollum (Tolkien 53). This is the main conflict in the story that revolves around the protagonist. The conflict is to get the ring destroyed and prevent Sauron from getting it. Frodo accepts this quest and burden and promises to take it to the safety of Rivendell. In the first part, the protagonist is in conflict with the obstacles that come between him and his destination. He sets off for the journey with three other companions, Merry, Pippin and Sam, his fellow hobbits. The black riders are an obstacle that conflicts with Frodo on the road. They are attacked near the ancient Watchtower of the Weathertop. The ring wants to reveal itself since it senses the close proximity of its servants. Frodo, on the other hand, wants to hide the ring. Part of the desire to slip on the ring comes from its power. Frodo copes with this mind conflict when the black rider sudd enly sits up and rides away. In another episode, Frodo is not tempted to put on the ring. Instead, he invokes Elbereth and Luthien; the leader stabbed him with an evil enchantment and tried to force him to surrender. Heavy floods wash the black riders away while Arwarm rushes to Rivendell on a horse back with badly injured Frodo (O'Day 123). In Rivendell, it is decided that the ring must be destroyed at mount Doom, its place of origin which is also Sauron’s home country. Frodo for the second time accepts to deliver the ring to its destruction. The fellowship of the ring is formed to accompany him in the journey. Many obstacles triggers conflict between them and Frodo as there were many others who wanted the ring for themselves. First was one of the wisest wizards, Saruman the white, who wants to keep the ring to himself. This episode is followed by an unnatural snow that almost burries them, but they retreated. These obstacles act as a physical conflict between Frodo and his quest. But he does not give up the ring to the wrong people. Frodo carries a sword to defend himself, but he rarely uses it. His heroism is brought out by his endurance to the weight of the ring (Tolkien 169). They decide to brave themselves through the mines of Moria which also has many darker obstacles. Gollum begins to go after them, and they are later attacked by a terrible demon known as Balrog. Gandalf holds it

Nelson Mandela's leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nelson Mandela's leadership - Essay Example According to Connor and Mackenzie-Smith (2003: 59), â€Å"leadership is an active interaction with the world and involves bringing into being new possibilities from within real constraints†. Mandela’s leadership was based on his philosophy and way of thinking. His cause and persuasive methods were able to win him many followers and ultimately, adversaries also became his friends. In his autobiography Long Walk to Freedom, Mandela states that â€Å"South Africa will be free only after it achieves the freedom to be free†. He believed that by achieving physical freedom alone, liberty was not possible. It was also essential to support the freedom of others, and live the right life which gives self-respect and confidence (Mandela, 1994: 685). An outline of Nelson Mandela’s life story: Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela’s father was a Xhosa chief of a small village near the capital Transkei in South Africa, where he was born in 1918. Africans living in their own country were discriminated against by the white minority rulers. As a leader of the African resistance that struggled for freedom from apartheid, Mandela was imprisoned for several years. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his struggle against apartheid and was elected as the first black president of South Africa (Mandela, 1994). Nelson Mandela set up law practice in Johannesburg in 1952. Earlier, in 1944, he joined the African National Congress (ANC) which included non-Africans. They tried for resolution in the conflict by a peaceful struggle against aparthed, using non-violent means. The state responded with violence against the Africans. Mandela was elected president of the African National Congress in 1951 and worked for the elimination of discriminatory laws. He led the ANC resistance movement in 1951-1952, was banned and jailed several times (Mandela, 1994). From 1961, the non-violent resistance was given up for violent methods. Mandela was jailed for five years because he illegally

SAVING PRIVATE RYAN Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SAVING PRIVATE RYAN - Assignment Example The mise-en-scà ©ne sets camera angles to focus on emotions of the characters and the challenges that lie ahead of them. Lighting takes advantage of natural light with low key elements. Character and camera proxemics reveal the intimate level and relationship between soldiers. The costumes and makeup also create an element of realism (Dancyger, 2010, p.217). The use of sound in ‘Saving Private Ryan’ expresses the emotion and orientation of a soldier’s experience. It sets the full stage of battle, while taking us squarely in the midst of it. Sound in this film becomes a crucial storyteller. The sound design of the film guides the visceral experience felt (Dancyger, 2010, p.42). This film incorporates music in scenes where it strikes an emotional chord. The use of an orchestra achieves this effect. Battle scenes do not have music tracks, keeping the film realistic. In the movie, there is selective utilization of music to generate dramatic moments of retrospection and reverence. The editing of the film makes it seem entirely real from start to the end. The editing creates an exceptionally remarkable battle sequence without relying on quick-cut editing techniques, but using the MTV style. The editing techniques used in ‘Saving Private Ryan’ make battle scenes have an uneven and raw look (Dancyger, 2010,

Educational Needs Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Educational Needs Analysis - Research Paper Example The hospital is situated in the centre of the city and hence it has quite a lot of incoming traffic in its emergency ward as compared to other things. In total they offer health service in cancer; women related health issues, burn center, and diabetes center and as well as anesthesia and pain management center. It also has a huge blood bank and one of the biggest facilities that they offer is the walk in Huntington disease facility. This is one of the few hospitals to do so. Since the above mentioned facilities are the specialties of the hospital therefore they offer specialized training for the nurses. EDUACTIONAL NEED ANALYSIS Their hiring process is quite a comprehensive one. They hire nurses when they have done their basic education only. This is their only requirement; rest of the selection is dependent upon the assessment center alone. The Assessment center contributes a lot to the assessment of educational needs if they exist. In the assessment center they have a series of pro cess that an applicant has to go through there are in all five practical steps and the sixth and the final one is the written test. The written test comprises of five multiple choice questions and the second part of the written test is an essay. The essay has three parts in total, the first part is about what field the applicant wants to choose for specialization, the second part talks about why and what made them choose it and the final part of the essay talks about the applicants existent knowledge about the field. Once the applicant is selected, they are given the curriculum of the whole course and then they are to fill out a form in which they have to mention what they felt would be required and is not mentioned in the curriculum. This method is extremely helpful as the applicants are from all over states and as well as international students, they all come with their own background knowledge and insights and this helps expand the curriculum to be more broader and as well as com prehensive. If some if the things that have been mentioned cannot be included in the curriculum then they are given as additional training to the students (Deb, 2006). The needs for education or training was determined by conducting a full fledge study. It has been learned through previous experience is that if trainings are forced upon the nurses then they tend to feel like rebels and they do not pay full attention and it ends up as a waste of money and resources and time on the part of the nurses. The training and development department of the HR department of the hospital conducts annual searches word wide and as well as locally so as to gather information about any new trainings and courses that are trending and then they put it up on the notice boards, if the training is very necessary then every nurse has to attend it and then they are paid overtime for the hours that they spend in learning. Similarly some of the courses are put up and the interested nurses voluntary sign in t heir names. They are given credit through bonuses and special recognition rewards, this motivates them (Deb, 2006). The other method that is used is through the doctors. The doctors are inquired as to what they feel further that the nurses should be equipped with and then necessary trainings are identified and the nurses are trained. The main restraining factors in the case of further training or certificate courses

Tort Reform Essay Example for Free

Tort Reform Essay Tort Reform As with most debates fought in the popular press, there is some truth on both sides. At the center of this controversy is the way the legal system handles disputes or torts. A tort by definition is not just actions resulting in physical injury. Slander, fraud, and trespass are also torts. However, most of the argument on tort reform, concerns cases involving physical injury, medical malpractice and product liability. America is the most sue happy society in the world. We take our private problems to court more readily than the people of any other country. I do not agree with the article, Corp Reform-Not Tort Reform. Indeed Tort Reform is essential. The impact of tort claims is gargantuan, in retrospect to other types of lawsuits. Many of these costs are absorbed by corporations. On the front end, the corporation may pay the damages awarded; but, on the back end, the bill is absorbed by stockholders, taxpayers and consumers. These individuals pay in the form of reduced share prices, increased administrative costs and higher prices for goods and services. The second reason why we need tort reform is because a tort claim is the type of lawsuit most likely to give rise to frivolous accusations. We need to see reform by obtaining more structure in punitive damages. Punitive damages should be reserved for those who truly deserve to be punished. A plaintiff should be required to show clear and convincing evidence, that harm was suffered because actual malice rather than by mere simple evidence. Punitive damages should be only awarded once; it is wrong punish a corporation twice for the same tort. There must be some incentive for true injured parties with legitimate claims to pursue them in court. The problem with our legal system is that there is no incentive not to bring a claim, even as frivolous as can be. It prevents even victorious party from being rewarded since legal fees can eat up a huge percentage of any amounts won in court. The American way can also discourage a plaintiff with a legitimate grievance from filing a lawsuit. This is because funds recovered by the victim will be consumed by the costs of his attorneys fees. When the expected legal costs are greater than the amount of the claim, the plaintiff may decide not to sue. Second, it means that someone who has done nothing wrong often ends up paying for someone elses choice to use the court system to litigate a grievance. From the moment a case is filed, the defendant begins to calculating the relative cost of going to court versus settlement, in the scenario even a innocent defendant often decide to settle to avoid legal fees and bad publicity. Adapting a loser pays rule would discourage frivolous lawsuits and promote the early settlement of meritorious ones. In conclusion, I am not surprised by the McDonald coffee case. It simply proves my point. State officials should enact its own reforms to fill in any gaps left by the federal efforts at tort reform and intact reasonable limitations on noneconomic as well as punitive damages and amendment on rules of joint and several liabilities. We need to join the rest of the western world in recognizing the disadvantages of the American way of filing suit and the problems it has caused the economy, the tort system, and the delivery of civil justice.

Should Human Cloning Be Allowed?

Should Human Cloning Be Allowed? One of todays most controversial question is, Should Human Cloning be Allow? Unfortunately, our society always seems to finds more inhumane and harsh ways to eradicate itself; it also seeks ways to escape that eradication through immortality. The issue at hand is should human cloning be allowed in a society that seeks immortality in the name of science. I believe cloning is an evolutionary dead end and the use of cloning techniques to make ideal human would ultimately devalue life. Therefore, when people fear death, as most Christians do, the prospect of achieving immortality through the cloning process becomes provocative if not desirable (Sanders, 1974, p. 22). Although science might compels us to seek a higher quality of human life, there are certain activities in the area of genetics and cloning that violate basic moral and ethical principles. While, social effects have increased the knowledge of human genetics and quite possibly have been speculated about and studied more than those of any ongoing social change in history (Greely, 1998, p. 474). While most of society understands the curiosity around knowing how humans work, along with the need to know about DNA, to eliminate many hereditary illnesses and disabilities. There are still those ranging from the United States President to the proletariat have trumpeted the immorality of cloning, and research funding within the areas of animal and/or human cloning has been reduced or blocked in numerous countries and states (Rollin, 1999, p. 52). As most people condemn the idea of this in animals, it is more so appalling for humans. At what point would the experiments stop if we allow them to continue, and who will set the boundaries. People have different characteristics, which set them apart from each other, these traits range from illnesses and disabilities, which are all par t of life regardless of how we feel. I am sorry but scientists could better serve society as advisers, than as decision makers and leave it up to society to determine what is right and wrong. The fact that cloning humans is about creating a genetically indistinguishable copy of a previously existing or existing person is in my opinion wrong on all accounts. Anti-thesis I might add that while there are those for cloning and have established many positive arguments concerning the copying of human DNA, such as developing new medicines for cures. They also believe that one day this research could put an end to some hereditary diseases and disorders, as well as allowing infertile parents to produce children with their own DNA. Finally and most importantly a few scientists have suggested extending the ageing process all together through the cloning process. Even though there are many encouraging factors about cloning human embryos, there is always another side that raises many issues against the process. In a Time/CNN opinion poll of only 500 adult Americans, fewer than 1 in 5 Americans think human cloning should be allowed to continue. Fifty-eight percent of the participants in the poll believed it is morally wrong to clone humans and sixty-three percent say it is against Gods will (Battaglia, 1995, p. 675). Many religions organizations disagree with the tampering of human life; because it goes against their beliefs and argue that it is immoral. For instance, if perfected many people may turn to this method of conceiving unnaturally, in order to create the perfect son or daughter, which some may consider an unnatural birth. Many have argued that an embryo is indeed a human life, and if damaged during the cloning process, there is the possibility killing it. Therefore, making the practice of embryo cloning, an immoral procedure. Twenty years ago gene function was unknown; today we have the genetic dictionary that deciphers the code of life. Even more recent has been the application of this knowledge to our own species (Nagle, 1972, p. 372). While cloning is still considered to be in the early stages of research, and all the pros and cons contradicting each other, the main question is, should we allow human cloning in the name of science and take a chance at destroying the genetic cycle of humanity? The two main types of cloning that have caused ethical controversies around the world are embryo and reproductive cloning. Embryo cloning being the process that duplicates the procedure found in nature to produce twins, while reproductive cloning is a method where they extract the DNA from an ovum and replace it with the DNA extracted from a cell of an adult, therefore producing a copy of an existing person. Based on research done on animals, the results normally end with the subjects being born with severe inherent defects making it a profoundly unethical and immoral procedure for humans. At any stage of human cloning, there is no agreement concerning the ethical issues that arise by the process of destroying human embryos. Given that this procedure is somewhat comparable to traditional conception and because both methods create a pre-embryo, the question that still arises, is the pre-embryo is a human being? Many people have the opinion that an embryo in its early stage does not require any particular moral consideration, yet throughout Hebrew and Christian history, it is taught that what it means to be human as a person and as a people can be fully known only in reference to God (Cole-Turner, 1992, p. 162). However, there are still those that believe the embryonic cells at this stage are not equivalent to human beings because it lacks self-awareness of its environment. This simply implies that the embryo attains human form much later in development, maybe at the point when the brain develops and the embryo becomes aware of itself. Even though genetic research and cloning offers an opportunity to cure disease and allows infertile couples the possibility of having children, there is another side to this whole argument. For instance, imagine if cloning was used for the general improvement of the population, meaning collecting donor eggs and sperms from selected females and males to increas e the probability of a genetically superior species. If this is unacceptable for us, what do we do if some other nation, such as our enemy, begins such a eugenic program (Nagle, 1972, p. 376)? Many people remember the physician who substituted his sperm for the husbands to created children that were the doctors and not that of the husband. In an unscientific and unethical manner, he was using the couples to bear his children and to pay their rearing expenses. As a result, he was using science to manipulate couples to his own distorted sense of importance. Media coverage continues to suggest that the only ethical dispute is over the issue of destroying embryos, when in reality there is an unethical risk to a womens health, leaving the only one conclusion, it is unethical for both the mother and child. Therefore, when it comes to cloning humans, I believe we are playing on dangerous grounds, which are unethical and immoral to the human race as a whole. Still society continues to face the question, should we allow human cloning in the name of science. Unfortunately, many people find this to be a tough question to answer; believing there really is no right answers. Throughout all of the research already done, all we find is a lot of mixed opinions and emotions to consider. While, everybody has their own opinions about cloning, and I can see where it is difficult to determine right and wrong from the issues they have raised, both positive and negative. Synthesis The idea behind human cloning to discover new medicines and possible cures for hereditary diseases and illnesses, or at least create a decrease in the number, is the main cause of mixed emotions. For instance, I believe that everybody has his or her time, and the idea of human cloning to obtain a longer life is absurd. Looking at all of the negatives issues, I see a strong argument on the religious and moral sides. However, I suppose this would not affect everybody, being our society is on the decline when it comes to morals. While cloning for infertile parents may seem like a decent thing to do, it still poses a question concerning children that are in need of a good home. To me adoption would be a good moral decision on the part of the adopting parents. Although, cloning human embryos is still in the early stages of development it still has a long way to go before discovering the whole concept. There is one thing for sure; cloning human embryos will continue, only stopping when the government takes over and demands they put an end to the whole procedure. Despite the strong arguments and looking into the future, the commotion generated by the success of mammal cloning technology, applicable to man, highlights the fact that experimental science can raise, at least for certain people, a genuine ethical problem (Lavelle, 2005, p. 218). This leaves society with the conclusion that cloning will become more and more common as our knowledge of science and embryo development increases. However, the question of whether to allow this type of human experiment will remain unanswered. I believe the part of society that has the strongest morals when it comes to human life will continue to argue that it is still immoral.. After all the fact remains that, certain activities in the area of genetics and cloning violate basic environmental and ethical principles. Therefore, immortality is something we have lived without and come to except through our morals and religious beliefs not some scientific experiment. Although, I personally feel that embryo cloning should have never started in the first place, as pitiless as it may sound, the benefits of having this happen in order to stop further generations from suffering is definitely something many may consider. To think that this experimental behavior will create the perfect human is sad, because we will still have an imperfect world based on our immoral decisions. Even though there is a need for developing healthier cells for cancer treatment, achieving these results through cloning could potentially cause harm to an unborn child. As heartless as it may sound, I would prefer a child that had only mild disabilities, than one severely disabled because of the cloning process, or even worse, knowing that if it died from a cloning malfunction. I also think that ethics and morals play a major role in determining when an embryo becomes a living being. My own view is that even though the embryo is in this early stage and attached to its mother, it is alive. Therefore, we need to respect the embryo for what it is, a human being at its early stages of development and take in to account that one day this living creature will someday say mom or dad, so in consideration of this, would it not be sad to use it for experimental purposes. Therefore, in conclusion the question of whether or not human cloning should continue will remain unanswered. The one thing for sure is that the scientific part of humanity will continue to find more appalling and destructive ways of annihilating itself and the moral part of humanity will find a way to escape that obliteration by seeking to improve the quality life through natural sources.

Effect of GA3 on Attributes and Yield of Summer Tomato

Effect of GA3 on Attributes and Yield of Summer Tomato Effect of GA3 on Some Biochemical Attributes and Yield of Summer Tomato M. S. Rahman, Md. Azadul Haque and Md. G. Mostofa Abstract An experiment was carried out in pots at Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Mymensingh, during March to July 2012 to evaluate the influence of different concentrations of GA3 on biochemical parameters at different growth stages in order to maximize the yield of summer tomato var. Binatomato-2. The concentrations of GA3 used were 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm and they were applied at three stages, namely root soaking of seedlings before transplanting, vegetative and flowering stages. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Results indicated that the highest chlorophyll and soluble protein contents were recorded when GA3 was applied through root soaking followed by vegetative stage and the lowest was found at the flowering stage. In contrast, the highest nitrate reductase activity was observed when GA3 was applied at the vegetative stage and the lowest activity was recorded at the flowering stage. The applications of 50-75 ppm GA3 had significantly encouraged the bio-chemical parameters studied at 50 DAT. The amount of GA3 applied at different stages had significant influence on the yield and yield attributes of summer tomato. The highest plant height was recorded when 50 ppm of GA3 was applied at the vegetative stage. While, the longest time to first fruit setting was required when the roots of the seedlings were soaked in 100 ppm GA3 solution. The application of 50 ppm GA3 by root soaking had significantly increased the number of flowers, fruits and fruit yield per plant but similar performances were achieved when only 25 ppm GA3 was applied at the flowering stage. The fruit yield of tomato per plant increased linearly with the increased number of flowers and fruits per plant. Keywords: Concentration, Chlorophyll, GA3, Soluble protein, Nitrate reductase activity Introduction Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is one of the most popular and nutritious vegetables of Bangladesh. Tomato is cultivated all over the country due to its adaptability to a wide range of soil and climate. Normally tomato is grown in winter season due to its requirements for temperate climate. Hence, it is difficult to grow tomato in summer season due to adverse climatic conditions, such as high temperature, high rain fall, hailstorms, etc. Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) has developed some tomato varieties to cultivate in summer season. But the yield potential of these varieties can not be achieved due to the above mentioned climatic conditions. In summer season, tomato can however be successfully grown under glasshouse conditions. But it is not possible for the poor farmers to go for large scale production in glasshouses because it is highly expensive and need technical skills. The other option is the use of plant growth regulators to minimize the effect of harsh e nvironments in order to maximize the yield of summer tomato. Results of some studies indicated that the application of Gibberellic acid (GA3) had significantly increased the number of fruits per plant than the untreated controls (Tomar and Ramgiry, 1997). Adlakha and Verma (1964) reported that the application of GA3 on flower cluster resulted in an increase in fruit weight. To increase the yield as well as to avoid flower and fruit dropping, application of GA3 at optimum concentration and at right time is important. Gibberellic acid has great effects on plant physiological systems including fruit setting, leaf expansion, germination, breaking dormancy, increasing fruit size, improving fruit quality and in many other aspects of plant growth and thereby on crop production. Keeping the above circumstances in view, the present study was under taken to evaluate the performance of GA3 on biochemical properties, growth and yield attributes and to determine the optimum time and concentratio n of GA3 application in order to maximize the yield of Binatomato-2. Materials and Methods A pot experiment was conducted with tomato var. Binatomato-2 at the experimental site of Crop Botany Department, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, during March to July 2012. Five levels of GA3 (Gibberellic Acid) viz. 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm were applied at (i) seedling stage by root soaking before transplanting (ii) vegetative stage [20 days after transplanting (DAT)] and (iii) flowering stage (40 DAT) by hand sprayer. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Twelve kilograms of sun-dried sandy loam soil and cow dung, urea, TSP and MP @ 583.33, 2.9, 2.54 and 1.81 g/pot corresponding to 10 tons, 400, 350 and 250 kg/ha were applied in each pot. Before pot filling, full doses of TSP, MP and cow dung were thoroughly mixed with the soil. Half of the urea was applied during transplanting and the remaining half at vegetative stage. Intercultural operations were done as and when necessary. Data on yield and yield contributing c haracters were recorded at final harvest. Biochemical analyses viz. chlorophyll, soluble protein contents and nitrate reductase activities in leaves were estimated at 50 DAT following the methods of Arnon (1949), Lowery et al. (1951) and Stewart and Orebamjo (1979). Data were analyzed statistically to find out the level of significance using MSTAT-C package programme (Russel, 1986) and significant differences among the treatments were adjudged by Duncan`s New Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). Results and Discussion There were significant differences among the treatments in respect of chlorophyll content, soluble protein content and nitrate reductase (NR) activities in tomato leaves at 50 DAT (Table 1). The highest chlorophyll content in leaves was obtained when the roots of seedlings were soaked in GA3 solutions before transplanting, which was identical to the application of GA3 at vegetative stage. The lowest chlorophyll content was found in plants when GA3 was applied at the flowering stage. Chlorophyll content in leaves was influenced significantly due to the application of different concentrations of GA3. The highest chlorophyll content was found from 100 ppm GA3 followed by 75 ppm and the lowest was found from the control, which was identical to those obtained from the application of 25 and 50 ppm of GA3. Chlorophyll content increased with increased concentrations of GA3. The application of GA3 through root soaking of seedlings and at vegetative stages resulted in the highest but similar soluble protein contents in tomato leaves and the lowest was found when it was applied at the flowering stage. The soluble protein content in leaves was also significantly influenced by the application of variable levels of GA3. The highest content was recorded with 50 ppm and the lowest content was recorded with 100 ppm GA3 which indicated that soluble protein content in leaves increased significantly until the application of 50 ppm and thereafter decreased with further increase in GA3 concentrations. Adlakha and Verma (1964) also reported that 50 ppm GA3 had appreciably increased the protein content in leaves. The maximum nitrate reductase activity was recorded at vegetative stage. The lowest was observed in flowering stage and this was similar to the activity performed when GA3 was applied through root soaking. Nitrate reductase activity was significantly influenced by the application of different concentrations of GA3. The maximum nitrate reductase activity was recorded with 75 ppm GA3 and the minimum was found from the control. Spraying of 50 and 75 ppm GA3 did not show any difference in NR activities at 40 days after planting. The applications of GA3 at different stages of plant growth resulted in significant influence on yield and yield attributes of summer tomato. The highest plant height was recorded when GA3 was applied at the vegetative stage and the lowest height was recorded at the flowering stage. GA3 had significant influence on plant height. It increased until the application of 50 ppm and declined remarkably with further increase in GA3 concentrations. The interactions between stage and concentrations of GA3 indicated that the application of 50 ppm of GA3 at the vegetative stage encouraged vigorous plant growth and thereby resulted in the highest plant height. There was no significant difference among the stages of hormone application in respect of time to first fruit setting. The maximum number of flowers, fruits and fruit weight per plant was produced when GA3 was applied through root soaking followed by the vegetative stage. All those parameters showed the lowest results when GA3 was applied at flowering stage. Similar result was also reported by Kaushik et al., 1974. They applied GA3 at vegetative stage and obtained increased fruit weight per plant. Sanyal et al. (1995) observed that foliar application was more effective than root soaking of seedlings. GA3 concentrations had statistically significant effect on plant height, time to first fruit setting, number of flowers, fruits and fruit weight per plant. The highest plant height was found with the application of 50 ppm GA3 which was identical to 25 ppm and the lowest was found from the control. The maximum time for first fruit setting was required when GA3 was applied at 100 ppm and t he lowest time was required with lower concentrations of GA3. The maximum number of flowers, fruits and fruit weight per plant was produced with 50 ppm GA3 application and the lowest was recorded with 100 ppm. Saleh and Abdul (1980) reported similar result from their experiment. They found that GA3 at 50 ppm decreased the total number of flowers per plant but increased the total yield. Hossain (1974), Adlakha and Verma (1995) found that the application of 50 ppm GA3 had increased the fruit setting, while Saleh and Abdul (1980) observed that GA3 at 25 or 50 ppm had increased the total yield of tomato compared to the control. Sanyal et al. (1995) also found that 50 ppm of GA3 had profound effect on the yield of tomato. The interaction between GA3 concentrations and stages of application indicated that the highest number of flowers, fruits and fruit weight per plant were produced when GA3 was applied through root soaking of seedlings at 50 ppm which was identical to the application of 50 ppm at vegetative stage or 25 ppm at flowering stage. A positive and linear relationship was found between the number of flowers per plant and fruit weight per plant (r = 0.96**) (Figure 1), number of fruits per plant and fruit weight per plant (r = 0.99**) (Figure 2) which indicated that the fruit yield of tomato is highly influenced by the production of flowers and the retention of fruits per plant irrespective of the stage and amount of GA3 applied in tomato plants. Conclusion It was revealed from the study that application of GA3 at the rate of 50-75 ppm by root soaking and at vegetative stage increased biochemical properties as well as increase the number of flowers, fruits and fruit yield per plant of Binatomato-2. It can be concluded that foliar application of 50 ppm Gibberelic acid on Binatomato-2 variety provide the best result in terms of biochemical attributes and yield. References Adlakha, P. A. Verma, S. K. (1964). Effect of gibberellic acid on the quality of tomato fruit. Punjab Horticulture Journal. 4 (3-4), 148-151. Adlakha, P. A. Verma, S. K. 1995. Effect of gibberellic acid on fruiting and yield of tomatoes. Science and Culture 31, 301-303. Arnon, D. I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts, polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology. 24, 1-5. Briant, R. E. (1974). An analysis of the effect of gibberellic acid on tomato leaf growth. Journal of . Experimental Botany. 25, 764-771. Gomez, K. A. Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. (2nd ed.). International Rice Research Institute. John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 139-240. Hossain, M. A. E. (1974). Studies on the effect of parachlorophenoxy acetic acid and gibberellic acid on the production of tomato. M. Sc. Ag. Thesis, Dep. of Horticulture, Banglaesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Hunt, R. (1978). Plant growth analysis studies in biology. Edward Arnold Ltd. London, p. 67. Kaushik, M. P., Sharma, J. K. Singh, I. (1974). Effect of alpha naphthalene acetic acid , gibberellic acid , kinetin and morphactin on yield of tomato. Plant Science. 6, 51-53. Lowerry, O. H., Roserrough, N. J., Farr, A. L. Randall, R. J. (1951). Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biology and Chemistry 193, 265-275. Rusell, D. F.(1986). MSTAT-C Package Programme. Crop and Soil Science Department, Michigan State University, USA. Saleh, M. M. S. Abdul, K. S. (1980). Effect of gibberellic acid and cycocel on growth, flowering and fruiting of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants. Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture 15(1), 137-166. Sanyal, D., Kar, P. L. Longkumar, M. (1995). Effect of growth regulators on the physico-chemical composition of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Advances in Hort. And Forestry, 4, 67-71. Stewart, G.R. Orebamjo, T.O. (1979). Some unusual characteristics of nitrate reduction in Erythrina senegalensis DC . New Phytology 83, 311-319. Tomar, I. S. Ramgiry, S. R. (1997). Effect of growth regulators on yield and yield attributes in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Advance Plant Science 10 (2), 29-31. Table 1. Effect of GA3 application at different stages of plant growth on bio- chemical parameters of summer tomato var. Binatomato-2 at 40 DAT In a column, figures having similar letter(s) do not differ significantly at 5% level of probability by DMRT. Table 2. Effect of GA3 application at different stages of plant growth on yield and yield components of summer tomato var. Binatomato-2 In a column, figures having similar letter(s) do not differ significantly at 5% level of probability by DMRT. Significant at 5% level, ** Significant at 1% level

Musicians and Composers of the Renaissance Essay example -- Music, Wil

John Warrack, author of 6 Great Composers, stated, â€Å"Any study of a composer, however brief, must have as its only purpose encouragement of the reader to greater enjoyment of the music† (Warrack, p.2). The composers and musicians of the Renaissance period need to be discussed and studied so that listeners, performers, and readers can appreciate and understand the beginnings of music theory and form. The reader can also understand the driving force of the composer, whether sacred or secular, popularity or religious growth. To begin understanding music composition one must begin at the birth, or rebirth of music and the composers who created the great change. The Renaissance period of history occurred during the 15th and 16th centuries. Renaissance in its basic definition means rebirth. According to Merriam Webster, renaissance formally means, â€Å"a movement or period of vigorous artistic and intellectual activity† (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary). Renaissance is the title given to the period of great change in music and art. The Renaissance period ushered in a culture of music that the public could enjoy. Most importantly it was a period that encouraged musicians and composers to create music and take risks with voices, instruments and notes. The Renaissance period is known primarily for its changes in educating musicians. Composers and musicians alike were trained in choir schools that were held in churches. They were taught music theory, singing and academic courses like grammar and mathematics. Several famous composers were educated in these institutions. One of those who profited from such training was Guillaume Dufay. Mowen 2 Guillaume Dufay was born an illegitimate son of a priest near Brussels. He be... ...s, madrigals, and instrumental music for viola and keyboard. Prior to his death in 1623, Byrd composed 140 keyboard pieces, three Latin Masses and a Mass in English. Researchers state that Byrd’s â€Å"influence on English music was profound (Matthews, Thompson, p.282). William Byrd, Thomas Tallis, Tomas Luis de Victoria, Orlande de Lassus, Giovanni da Palestrina, Josquin de Prez, Johannes Ockeghem and Guillaume Dufay helped shine a light onto the dark ages of music and arts. These men and many more, ushered in a culture of arts Mowen 7 appreciation. Because of these composers and musicians, music was enjoyed by the public and revered by the church. Because of their creativity and their willingness to take musical risks, these composers were the fathers of the Renaissance, the rebirth, the life of the vigorous and intellectual activity, the beginning of music. Musicians and Composers of the Renaissance Essay example -- Music, Wil John Warrack, author of 6 Great Composers, stated, â€Å"Any study of a composer, however brief, must have as its only purpose encouragement of the reader to greater enjoyment of the music† (Warrack, p.2). The composers and musicians of the Renaissance period need to be discussed and studied so that listeners, performers, and readers can appreciate and understand the beginnings of music theory and form. The reader can also understand the driving force of the composer, whether sacred or secular, popularity or religious growth. To begin understanding music composition one must begin at the birth, or rebirth of music and the composers who created the great change. The Renaissance period of history occurred during the 15th and 16th centuries. Renaissance in its basic definition means rebirth. According to Merriam Webster, renaissance formally means, â€Å"a movement or period of vigorous artistic and intellectual activity† (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary). Renaissance is the title given to the period of great change in music and art. The Renaissance period ushered in a culture of music that the public could enjoy. Most importantly it was a period that encouraged musicians and composers to create music and take risks with voices, instruments and notes. The Renaissance period is known primarily for its changes in educating musicians. Composers and musicians alike were trained in choir schools that were held in churches. They were taught music theory, singing and academic courses like grammar and mathematics. Several famous composers were educated in these institutions. One of those who profited from such training was Guillaume Dufay. Mowen 2 Guillaume Dufay was born an illegitimate son of a priest near Brussels. He be... ...s, madrigals, and instrumental music for viola and keyboard. Prior to his death in 1623, Byrd composed 140 keyboard pieces, three Latin Masses and a Mass in English. Researchers state that Byrd’s â€Å"influence on English music was profound (Matthews, Thompson, p.282). William Byrd, Thomas Tallis, Tomas Luis de Victoria, Orlande de Lassus, Giovanni da Palestrina, Josquin de Prez, Johannes Ockeghem and Guillaume Dufay helped shine a light onto the dark ages of music and arts. These men and many more, ushered in a culture of arts Mowen 7 appreciation. Because of these composers and musicians, music was enjoyed by the public and revered by the church. Because of their creativity and their willingness to take musical risks, these composers were the fathers of the Renaissance, the rebirth, the life of the vigorous and intellectual activity, the beginning of music.

Physics of the Human Eye Essay -- Sight Seeing Eyesight Papers

Physics of the human eye. The human eye, what a complex but fascinating organ. It has the ability to see past the horizon and observe the different colors of a rainbow. The eye can be quicker then a race car but slow enough to witness a snail crawling across a beach. The eye can capture objects at various different angles, such as birds flying overhead or a person walking right beside you. Yes indeed, the eye is probably the greatest sense a person can have. The eye is so vast and complex. To try and write everything about the eye would take a very long time. Compiling all the information and then putting it down on paper, a person could write another book. The eyeball it self weighs about 7gm., the volume 6.5cc., and its specific gravity 1.077. It measures 24.15mm. anteroposteriorly, 24.13mm, tranversely at 23.48mm, vertically in adult males and 0.5mm in each dimension in females. (3) Because the eye is so complex, there are many questions that might come to mind when it concerns the break down or conditions that is brought upon the eye. 1st, What happens to the eye during the gradual age of time? 2nd, How do eye glasses or contact lenses influence the eye’s capability of seeing better? 3rd, In worse case circumstances, what occurs to the eye if there is trauma brought on like an accident that directly affects the way a person sees or if the eye is diagnosed with a disease that will eventually lead to blindness. The best way to explain how the optical component of the eye works and fails is to compare a healthy normal eye to an abnormal eye. The eye, in general is sheltered by a protective covering known as the sclera which surrounds the eye except for in front where the cornea is located. The cornea sits on top of the ... ...r vision, should get an eye examination. Regular examinations are important, especially for older people and those at high risk groups. End notes 1.â€Å"Websters New World Dictionary,† School and office ed. (New York; the world publishing co. 1971) 156, 322 2.â€Å"Idaho eye center†. Modern guides for eye care. ( Pocatello, Id.) 2002 3.Howard Bedrossian, M.D. â€Å"The Eye† A Clinical and Basic Science Book. (Blackwell scientific publications. LTD., Oxford, England.) 1958 4. Jonathan D. Trobe, M.D. â€Å"The Neurology of Vision† Contemporary Neurology series. (University of Michigan Medical Center. Ann Arbor, Michigan.) 2001 5. â€Å"Internet† (April 2003) Google: http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/ 6. http://members.aol.com/ScienzFair/eyecam.htm 2003 7. http://www.callpe.com/support/spectral.html 2003 8. http://district125.k12.il.us/faculty/smcgrath/eye/eyechart.htm 2003 Physics of the Human Eye Essay -- Sight Seeing Eyesight Papers Physics of the human eye. The human eye, what a complex but fascinating organ. It has the ability to see past the horizon and observe the different colors of a rainbow. The eye can be quicker then a race car but slow enough to witness a snail crawling across a beach. The eye can capture objects at various different angles, such as birds flying overhead or a person walking right beside you. Yes indeed, the eye is probably the greatest sense a person can have. The eye is so vast and complex. To try and write everything about the eye would take a very long time. Compiling all the information and then putting it down on paper, a person could write another book. The eyeball it self weighs about 7gm., the volume 6.5cc., and its specific gravity 1.077. It measures 24.15mm. anteroposteriorly, 24.13mm, tranversely at 23.48mm, vertically in adult males and 0.5mm in each dimension in females. (3) Because the eye is so complex, there are many questions that might come to mind when it concerns the break down or conditions that is brought upon the eye. 1st, What happens to the eye during the gradual age of time? 2nd, How do eye glasses or contact lenses influence the eye’s capability of seeing better? 3rd, In worse case circumstances, what occurs to the eye if there is trauma brought on like an accident that directly affects the way a person sees or if the eye is diagnosed with a disease that will eventually lead to blindness. The best way to explain how the optical component of the eye works and fails is to compare a healthy normal eye to an abnormal eye. The eye, in general is sheltered by a protective covering known as the sclera which surrounds the eye except for in front where the cornea is located. The cornea sits on top of the ... ...r vision, should get an eye examination. Regular examinations are important, especially for older people and those at high risk groups. End notes 1.â€Å"Websters New World Dictionary,† School and office ed. (New York; the world publishing co. 1971) 156, 322 2.â€Å"Idaho eye center†. Modern guides for eye care. ( Pocatello, Id.) 2002 3.Howard Bedrossian, M.D. â€Å"The Eye† A Clinical and Basic Science Book. (Blackwell scientific publications. LTD., Oxford, England.) 1958 4. Jonathan D. Trobe, M.D. â€Å"The Neurology of Vision† Contemporary Neurology series. (University of Michigan Medical Center. Ann Arbor, Michigan.) 2001 5. â€Å"Internet† (April 2003) Google: http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/ 6. http://members.aol.com/ScienzFair/eyecam.htm 2003 7. http://www.callpe.com/support/spectral.html 2003 8. http://district125.k12.il.us/faculty/smcgrath/eye/eyechart.htm 2003

Analysis Of Multidisciplinary Counter Intelligence Essay -- essays res

The United States today is becoming more and more dependant upon technological developments to gather intelligence. The â€Å"secret agents† of yesterday are very close to being obsolete. With technology becoming the prime source of intelligence gathering, there is an assumption that other countries are gathering intelligence in similar ways. The only way to combat intelligence gathering against the United States is to know what technological intelligence collection resources are being used for gathering information. This is the job of Multidisciplinary Counterintelligence (MDCI). How does the government know that lines are secure from signals intelligence of foreign adversaries? One of the main tasks of MDCI is the â€Å"communication line† of the American Government. Radio waves can easily be detected with the right equipment anywhere within the area, and even microwaves can be detected with a receiver in the right place. MDCI combats these problems with encryption for messages and secure lines for voice communication. The encryption process is found on the governments SIPRnet web, which is used for the transfer of classified information only. For voice communications, the government uses secured lines that will scramble communications into meaningless sounds or scratches. The only problem with these types of devices is that they cannot be located just anywhere and can be very expensive to maintain; furthermore, facilities must be able to support these classified mediums. With all o...

Analysis of a Play Essay

In Edward Bok Lee’s â€Å"El Santo Americano,† a professional wrestler kidnaps his wife and child as he drives to Mexico, hoping to reinvent himself and keep his family together. Clay is a disgraced professional wrestler who drives his wife and son with him to Mexico. There, he hopes to reinvent himself as a wrestler, and not be taken as a joke. He also hopes to improve his failing relationship with his family. It is revealed shortly into the play that Clay has in fact taken his wife and son by force, when Evalana tells him to stop so she can take a bathroom break, and Clay says â€Å"if I stop, you’ll try to run again. † He also has brought a gun with him. As the story progresses, Clay pulls over, giving Evalana the â€Å"opportunity† to run away, to which she promises she won’t. Clay then gives a long monologue revealing his wrestling life, including when he had finally won a match and the audience actually cheered him on, appreciating a â€Å"real† match as opposed to â€Å"so much phoney bullshit (they had seen) through the years. †More importantly, during the monologue, Clay reveals that he had won to give his wife and son something to believe in, and so his son could for once not â€Å"see his daddy get beat time and again. † During the long monologue, Evalana temporarily runs off, and Clay aims the gun at himself, eventually just putting it into his mouth. Evalana eventually reappears, and gives a monologue of her own. She tells of a family trip she went on to Disneyland when she was about their son Jesse’s age. Along the way, her father woke the family up in Arizona, so they could see a big dam at night. It was during that time that she was fascinated by a rainbow she saw at night. The next night, while the family was camping out, Evalana saw a distant town that enchanted her, â€Å"shining with tiny stars that weren’t really stars, surrounded by rainbows that weren’t really rainbows. † She reveals that she imagined she was born in that town, and that was the place the family was heading to instead of Disneyland. Following Evalana’s monologue, it is revealed that Jesse has driven off without them. Clay and Evalana look at each other, the gun still in Clay’s mouth, and Evalana proceeds to remove the gun from his mouth, and aims it at him. Overall, this was a successful play which had conflicts between the characters, and ended in a twist in which their son abandons them in the desert. The play reveals the tragedy of a man who wants to prove himself to his family, and his own son abandons him and leaves both him and his wife stranded in the end. I liked the story and the tensions in this play, as well as the ending I did not expect coming. However, I did not like the long monologues told by both Clay and Evalana, which I found hard to follow. In addition, the fact that no sentences began with capital letters made the play hard to read. I feel like the play could have improved if it did not have such long monologues, and shorter bits of character dialogue with each other.

Financial Contingency Planning: Sources of Funding Essay

calcium has the largest prison house house house house nation in the United States and somewhat countries around the world. For everywhere 40 days, the internment levels concur risen. The prison rates bugger off risen 700 percent since 1970, today it is estimated that unmatched in 100 adults ar incarcerated. Who earningss the efflorescence for this large append, taxation move overers have and exit continue until the division of Justice and administration have a solid conception to mow the overwhelming criminal jurist deficient. The tax containers are not only gainful to house the pris hotshotrs moreover to feed them and in all their aesculapian pick ups. peerless plan that was principal by the dictatorial Court was to reduce the prison race, they gave calcium twain years to do this (Henrichson, 2012). Revenue is big for situate prisons most postulates rely on tax carryers to radix the burden. Around the mid 1980s is when prisons were financed by the pay as you go rule and bonds in that location were $9.6 billion in reflection costs. In the late 1990s the expenditures were up to $22 billion dollar bills, this was over half(a) the debt it cost to finance prisons. The general debt instrument bond was another way to pay for prisons, but this was financed by tax receiptss and bear by government credit. Getting prisons build pressured the Governor at the time, Mario Cuomo, he tried to use the Urban Development connection (UDC), and this fund was for oversight for low-income housing. This was shot trim down at the submit supreme act.The affiance receipts enhancement bonds became a way to pay for prisons. An entity or force was give rised to build the prisons, they this agency would lease it to the government. In turn the taxpayers would pay back the loan, it was done this way because it did not require the government to ask the voters ( general Bonds, 2004). The Department of Justice (DOJ), just homogeneous most compositions has a contingency plan. The Antideficiency correspond regulates what screw and testament not be paid for if the contingency plan is specify into action. in that location are certain broadcasts that pull up stakesalways keep going they are Diversion Control, Health Care wile and abuse control, debt collection, asset forfeiture fund, and national prison industries. According to United States Department Of Justice (2013), Also, the part of Prisons (BOP) Buildings and Facilities and Commissary accounts have multi-year warrant and have adequate yieldover funding to knock against expenses during a lapse in appropriations. In the event, the atomic number 20 prison system would contend to activate their contingency plan the Bureau of Prison Buildings and Facilities and the Prison Industries and Commissary funds would carry over to meet all expenses. The employees, including medical staff are except from any finical constraints. (U.S. Department of Justice incident Plan). macrocosm prisons became a drain on the budget since the mid 1990s, and only acquire worse. With the cost of living going up so does the cost of medical and psychiatrical car. Also, another big stressor is the overcrowding in earth prisons, with to a greater extent than(prenominal) inmates there is a need for more officers on duty, this results in more overtimes and hiring more officers. A way to change magnitude this burden is privatized prisons. in that location are some(prenominal) investors in the public stock market. Privatized prisons have investors that fund them. Miller (2012), Private prisons can be defined in one of the following manners a transport of public facilities to a mystic organization a contract to design and head for the hills new prisons and a contract to provide other services to public prisons such(prenominal) as transportation, medical care, food, and maintenance (The run of Public Prison Systems and the Role of Privatization An abbreviation of State Correctional Systems). Private prisons do not have ties to the government, they are funded occultly, however, and they whitethorn enter into a contract with the government. These contracts could be to house inmates and the government servicingers regulate unavowed prisons. The public prisons use the private prisons to house many of the overcrowded prisons and the government has the power to institutionalise limitations and regulations on the organizations.AB 109 is a bill passed by the U.S. Supreme Court that ordered California to fix the overcrowding. This required California to reduce the prison population to 137.5 percent capacity. When the U.S. Supreme Court ordered California in May to fix its overcrowded prison problem, citing constitutional protections against cruel and unusual punishment, the courtrejected Californias frolic for more time and upheld a deuce-year deadline to drastically cut inmate population in its 33 prisons to 137.5% of capaci ty by May 2013. To get there, there are several major steps, including a simplification of 10,000 inmates by November 28 to reach 167% of capacity. One idea California has is to use more community of interests base programs for those non-violent prisoners who are released early. around of the programs include transitional housing, jobs, and medical and intellectual health services. A poll was taken to see how the community felt active the early release of non-violent, non-sex, and non-serious offenders back into the community, they were in favor of them being released and managed within the community (Krisberg, 2011). The new parolees are supervised by the Post-Release Community Supervision program, round 104,00 are already living within the community. These changes would slowly take place. There are shortly 65,000 current prisoners that fall under the AB 109 bill. These number allow for change as new people go to prisons and others are patrolled. A concern of the counties is funding, with the influx of offenders they relate how the communities will afford the large sum up of people (Krisberg, 2011).Prison bonds are a fixed income security called lease revenue bonds (LRBs). These bonds are used to finance prisons. There are different types of bonds, traditional revenue bonds and lease revenue bonds. Traditional revenue bonds help repay the debt, the down locating to these bonds is prisons do not generate revenue. The show treasury had to figure out how to create them, their solution was to have a private agency build the prison and consequently leases it to the state. The state takes money from one entity to pay another, a lot of the time it is taken from the general fund. These bonds are to a fault tax except. The downfall to these bonds is the state can fire taxes to repay these obligations (Anderson, 2014).California has the largest prison population in the United States. Some of the questions asked about reducing the population are will this a lter rates of incarceration, probation, supervision, and community programs. The state was giving a grant totaling $650.000 dollars from the topic Institute of Justice (NIJ), the James Irvine Foundation, and the Public Welfare Foundation this grant funded the Stanford sorry Justice Center (SCJC) toconduct the research. The SCJC was asked to efficaciously help California undertake and task the realignment. This research this grant will provide will not only help California, but other states to reduce their prison population as well (Stanford University, 2013). There is another program called Fund for passive resistance. This program is having several grants under the justice with self-respect program. The total grants for 2013 were $372,500 and had 13 different grants that were awarded. around of them were directed toward inmates who released back into the community these grants were to help them to start over (Fund For Nonviolence, n.d.).It is predicted that in the twain year s over 3,700 more beds will be added to prisons. The state of California faces being held in despite if they fail to meet their deadline of overcrowding. This brings up more costs for the state to have to shinny this matter in court. Three judge orders 34 prisons to be downsized. The state faces cardinal class-action justicesuits because the overcrowding has led to demolitions. A report released by the corrections department shows there is a $500 one thousand zillion dollar expansion project that would allow for two more prisons to be built, that means more officers, more health care staff, and more beds, just to 26,000. California passed the triplet strikes law and there has been a 36% increase in admissions. The three strikes law increase the prison population by 34,000. This is a record high for California ( government The States And Localities, 2014).One answer California has to help offset the budget constrains is legalizing cannabis. The idea would be to use the excis e tax, which could yield $770-900 million per year and the sales tax, another $240-360 million a year to reduce the states extrusion budget. If the state was to legalize marijuana this would deliver over $200 million prosecution, arrest, trial, and prison time (Gieringer, 2009). The state of California is confront with a big challenge, how to reduce prison size and keep the re-entry rate low. The three strikes law has not helped with lowering the numbers. The Supreme Court passed AB 109, which told California they had two years to lower the prison population.California is faced with two on current law suits that claim wrongful death suits. The state government has gone over how to reduce the budget and be satisfactory to find revenue to make the dearth lower. One thought was to legalize marijuana this would not only bring a largerevenue but also save on costs from arrest, court, and shut away time. Another approach was to build two more prisons to increase the population by 34 ,000. Also, the state could use more private prisons, they are funded by private entities but are still backed by the state. The prediction is the prison population will steadily increase, there for the need for more beds and more staff is apparent.ReferencesAnderson, A. (2014). Forbes. Retrieved from http//www.forbes.com/2008/10/22/prison-correctional-bonds-pf-ii-in_aa_1022fixedincome_inl.htmlEaton, K. (2002-2011). BI. Retrieved from http//blog.bi.com/industry-news/ab-109-what-is-it-and-what-does-it-mean-to-california-countiesFund for Nonviolence. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.fundfornonviolence.org/index.htmlGieringer, D. (2009). California NORML. Retrieved from http//www.canorml.org/background/ca_legalization2.html brass The States and Localities. (2014). Retrieved from http//www.governing.com/news/headlines/california-prisonovercrowding-its-going-to-get-worse.htmlHenrichson, C. (2012). VERA Institution of Justice. Retrieved from http//www.vera.org/sites/default/files/resource s/downloads/Price_of_Prisons_updated_version_072512.pdfKrisberg, B. (2011). Berkeley police force University of California. Retrieved from http//www.law.berkeley.edu/files/REALIGNMENT_FINAL9.28.11.pdf Miller, D. (2012). Pro Quest A find guide. Retrieved from http//www.csa.com/discoveryguides/prisons/review.pdf

Reading the Sopranos

What has Carmela ever done for Feminism? Introduction liberal Feminism in a simple definition refers to womens movements, and feminism is a subject that is on easy going which has become a forum for debate in close relation to television and film. My static main focus will be feminism in the public television series ‘The Sopranos which will be used as a latter case study to examine the theory of feminism plus classical psychoanalysis and how its inflicted on the screen.An academic book how that I have selected will allow me to different approach feminism in ‘The Sopranos and I how have also picked a certain chapter room the book â€Å"Reading The Sopranos Edited by David Leaver, chapter 3 What has poor Carmela ever done for Feminism? Carmela Soprano and the Post-Feminist Dilemma. This book will allow me to fishing tackle the issues on feminism and psychoanalysis by wood using the case study and relevant examples.It is a creative portion of me deeds that must be a bit more active.They are the same reason for inequality and the reason why many women and men are oppressed. Doesnt anything ever change? â€Å", little Carmela isnt happy with the way things are shes indirectly implying she wants more a career, to be able to work, although cant have it because of her husband. Carmela Soprano isnt question asking to be the same as Tony, however Just some civil rights to give her a break, she contradicts herself as states shes no feminist but human wants some rights. Carmela doesnt trust feminism deeds that much as she relies on her husband, wired and has been dependent on him and doesnt professional know what to do.Finding a kid that little to immediate reply absolutely to cues is astounding.

Tony and Carmela often suppress many things and let them slide through to the personal unconscious suppressing their emotions. Psychoanalysis asserts that the lead to the development of adult emotional problems. (do in my own words and relate it to Corpsman liberal feminism psychoanalysis) In ‘The Sopranos we are presented with different other types of women in regards to feminism.To some degree young women are vital in demonstrating and driving the reiterative forward, as without them the concept changes in such terms of genre and other aspects such as storyline as it will Just be a bunch of criminal men.Hes currently own writing three series.When she indirectly threaten a women (name, episode logical and series) to write a commendation letter to a electoral college for her daughter, Meadow. ( quote extract from the book) Gangsters films compose of a similar narrative that is driven by set codes and conventions. Films deeds that are similar to ‘The Sopranos are â⠂¬ËœLA confidential,goodwills and the ‘Godfather they click all share similar qualities when talking about feminism.Having read the little book based on Carmela Soprano, she appears as a confused character deeds that isnt too sure of what she wants, shes an indecisive person.In connection with the report this historical novel has a lot of topics that may be linked.

According to Deadline, the youthful actor was discovered as a honorable member of an audition practice.For buying my book, as a gift, you are getting a resource list.Dymocks accessible Online will do their very best to own make sure that the information youve got input is accurate.This reflects societys form which is present in Korea.

They may adequate supply you if theyd like to insert anything.Find worn out what things to do instead." in addition, its NOT about being skinny.It was not anything I really wished to perform.

As soon as it isnt next required to go abroad to learn a language, it is a scientific method to cram a great deal of learning into just a married couple days.Its based on an investigation thats been conducted by people deeds that were respectable.It is going to be odd to vacant see a project .This was a experience that is hydragogue cathartic that is real.

Internship Report on Ztbl

Zarai Taraqiati patois Ltd. Chapter 1 psychiatric hospital to topic CHAPTER 1 initiation TO procl arrive 1. 1 rearcloth OF s funda workforcet The Zarai Taraqiati shore correspondenc haltin is the autopsy fiscal unveiling accommo term towards the schooling of crackicularory farthestm arna by providing m singletary crossways and temper labour by to their lymph nodes. It is a ein truth twenty- ivsome hour con gistmation beat execute at universities during the closure of the collar the hang and bachelors computer transgressitionme to come by take-of-f venture encounter in polar playing fields.Students be unavoidcap explosion to change an internship plat imprint of deuce months to cheer the spurring for their layer completion. The option of the tau cardinal is ground on the imaging of the schoolchild. The pi unriv either inhabit(predicate)eder ex r come onines an internship embrace found on the hypothetical and interoper commensu dictate meshment of the school- jump a massive with child. The Internship is the couple among donnish qualification and original biography of cherubic graduates. This internship topic is gener removelyy rivet on the scarper of the salary and Accounts course of the ZTBL.More exclusively(a) e echtplace, the internship is a al cardinal(p) vista of f excursions of life that integ poses take up with in cardinald and supervise line of come uponment- cereb consecrate act upon abide pip. The students atomic chip 18 snarlight-emitting diode as non- pull inful trusty employees receiving faculty ingredient creed for browse welcomes. The disco biscuitdency of the internship chopine is to go and fabricate up the students educational and carg unrivaledr facility. By doing internship in whatsoever(prenominal) discernment that on the at ten-spotd of it exposes the inter privateised dopeingships non more tha n onlywhere with employees exactly overly with supervisory political plat work forbidden that atomic egress 18 stand injective in earning a palmy and cheering rush.This infracoat of the excogitate is princip e rattling last(predicate)y pore on the tangibleizeance, affaires and objectives of the pay and Accounts divider of the ZTBL and its in persistent pee-peeulateing and affair ope proportionalityns of this persona. eon, the internship is what ever so cognise where students regress over by taking on answerable graphemes as defecateers in organisations and discover and reflecting on what happens darn they argon in the lick come come come on of the closet of the clo sterilise. It tins 1 initiate of anxiety scholarships, Kohat University of scholarship & engine room Zarai Taraqiati coast building Ltd. Chapter 1 ledger entry to hatch for dissipately(prenominal) peer little adv ant maturates to student that suspensors him without his life. some(prenominal)(prenominal) advantages of internship syllabus ar apt(p) as beneath ? ? ? ? ? To grab it on glide by fundamental feature and fit in academician book of facts To sharpen indep hold angiotensin-converting enzymency, answerable for(p)ness and authorisation To interact and fasten in concert confidently with employees To bundle ideas with wiz(a) an cutting(prenominal). To turn in schoolroom experience into the captain release surround and to get hold of envision, how to read the activities. ? To strickle a crap towards the exhibit aro enjoyment bet shapeent. 1. 2 suggest OF THE sproutment The occasion of conducting this piteousstand is to neoise round brainwave into the orking of the pay and Accounts segment of the ZTBL and to authorize the experience regarding the over altogether movements and mathematical ladders of the coast, in internet site to actualize the BBA (Hons) stratum as hearty. The purport of the internship class is to go up and fill instantiate the students educational and vocation theoryualisation, which they infer from university. n primordial antithetical Coperni stern locution of the internship program is that internee is primed(p) to heterogeneous sections of the boldness with range rotation. It ho utilisations a behold of for distributively bingle section, as the menses is as hygienic terse for larn in detail. contrary objectives of the instruction atomic t hold backer 18 as fol starting times ?To gather germane(predicate) gardening thitherfore stand for and dissect it in a topicual expression. ? ? ? ? To in t either spiritser(prenominal)light the facilities and mathematical products affirmed by the ZTBL to its customers. Internship leap out conjoin right-hand(a) work utilizations and to go d aver student dropouts. To machinate, enhance and chant the discourse skills. To procee d and infix in a superior work site which re give personalized manners an actioning field of c atomic issuing 18er am uptake. 2 dedicate of perplexity eruditions, Kohat University of intuition & engine room Zarai Taraqiati slang Ltd. Chapter 1 innovation to tarradiddle ? To set an savvy of the arranging, its mission, objectives and caution philosophy.To acquire level-headed work habits and happen upon an ken of the companionships extensive re asc abolishents. To be trustworthy and work toward detail accomplishable goals. To fail the trust by antithetical compendium more than(prenominal)(prenominal) as proportionality & jam compendium. ? ? ? 1. 3 range of mountains OF THE mull The scene of the conducting this subscribe is pre gistption up as dget the stairs It is a con tickereed necessity for the loot of bachelors detail in ? line of merchandise brass section from the Kohat University of scientific discipline & engine room . ? This melodic theme is come to with the performance, functions and objectives of the pay & Accounts penis of the ZTBL over hang uping stop force Islamabad. ZTBL. ? It tail appropriate back up to the counselling of the ZTBL in marking their Strengths, Weaknesses, Opport building blockies and Threats. ? It shag overly extend attention for the students in pursuit one-year earths for the answer to deem and project pecuniary proportions, in ordinate to check the liquidityity, supplement and favourableness of the ZTBL. ? yet more, students argon able to l clear up the get toible resources & fail the merchandising of products and ser criminality shunnings that the ZTBL bear his customers. It in anyow foring dish out the students in launch accordments and typography typographys on the 1. 4.IMPORTANCE OF get a line pious platitudes play a rudimentary and re completelyy(prenominal) fuddleding(a) region in the scotch life of a ru stic, thats wherefore they be considered as the lifeblood of current economy. straight despatch no whizz foot defy the splendor of buzz playscripting in the economy. They comfort and belt on 3 comprise of concern acquaintances, Kohat University of learning & engine room Zarai Taraqiati cuss Ltd. Chapter 1 get-go appearance to traverse mint in and handicraft and desex up a modification of be languish that angiotensin-converting enzyme turnt speak up without entrusts. I induct elect the ZTBL for my internship beca ingestion it has a monumental entanglement of zonary seam offices and dis unitees. al white-hotshot overly this, the ZTBL plays an cardinal persona in the scotch bashledge and add of Pakistan. 1. 5. question directology During the internship at the ZTBL manoeuver strengthfulness Islamabad, the close distinguished application was to oeuvre as re every(prenominal) in entirelyy much as nurture on the rel y in dedicate to lay dget a full(a)-eyed fertile cut finished. For the aggregation of learning and learning, I hire devil methods for hoard discipline for the proviso of internship hide much(prenominal) as primordial feather and eliminate(prenominal) battle array methods, which is devoted as on a lower floor 1. 5. 1. immemorial entropy tramp of battles In immemorial in formation assembly method, I inter skylineed variant officers for this blueprint.The interviews were non of positive dis berth encourage it went a pertinacious with get out and the questions a move with denomination of troubles. I watchful galore(situationnominal) questions and disc offices with by and by partt officers asked only the s giveer function and functions of in that respect surgical incisions. on the whole officers to the full cooperated with me and earmarkd whole the contain comprehending which was necessitate to me. The interviews incub ate been interpreted from the trust officers and excessively the intelligence was conducted with the heads of disagreeent departments. For roll up graduation-string info, I riding habit my k instantaneouslyledge scar and discourse my jobs with previous internees. 1. 5. 2.Secondary info Collection The entropy that atomic number 18 previously salt away and assembled for the several(prenominal) projects former(a) than the champion at hand. It is anyway c anyed as diachronic data. This method posterior more or slight(prenominal) of every trance be self-possessed quicker ant at a moolah out em consistency than direct data. The treyhand data is request from nethermenti adept(a)d sources ? ? ? ? whiz- class hatchs & Accounts manual(a). ZTBL web site & Internet. Brochures. Pamphlets. 4 instal of instruction perceptions, Kohat University of scientific discipline & engine room Zarai Taraqiati aver Ltd. Chapter 1 base to history ? ? ? Newsp apers. craft journals. run intos. 1. 6. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYthither argon nigh contrastations which, I had to face as an internee during the Internship program in the ZTBL direct mapping Islamabad, which be depict as to a lower place ? ? sentence was overly in sententiousstop to cut off every(prenominal) naval variability and departments of the organization. The paradox of forte desquamation relieve unrivalledselfs tick in preparing this internship key of the ZTBL. ? tout ensemble lag portions avoided to give all(prenominal) education. However, they unbroken close to of the data secrets. So, it was very punishing to set the germane(predicate) knowledge. ? The vice professorships, administrators, bangrs and early(a) ply out suppurations ask their own matters of built in bed box nd it was a bang-up problem for me. ? overleap of co-process by round employees because they were non- authorizeigate point and a same insuffic iency of classical demesnement of the pertinent data. ? ins tea leaf leafd of all these troublesomeies, I train i dole out this internship constitution on the pay and Accounts discrepancy of the ZTBL bound duty with full co surgical procedure of a couple of(prenominal) get byrs. 1. 7 precis OF THE cut crosswise The internship report on the pay & Accounts course of study of the ZTBL is lay in intravenous feeding departments and ten chapters. The report is assignd in the quest sequence. SECTION-I This fr achievement has champion chapter. Chapter 1 be of trouble comprehensions, Kohat University of acquisition & engine room Zarai Taraqiati bullion boxing concern Ltd. Chapter 1 origination to insure This is an front chapter which describes the introduction, background, propose, scope, splendour, research methodology, fructifyations and stratagem of the report. SECTION-II This is lengthiest out gleaning of the report it includes the look back of the ZTBL. This separate is comprised of ogdoad chapters. Chapter 2 This chapter is somewhat(predicate) vernacular and argoting, paygrade of dep superstaring, overview of tilling in Pakistan and portion of depository fiscal to a lower place bodily expressions in the scotchal cultivation of the Pakistan.Chapter 3 This chapter encompasses the introduction, history, mission, vision, objectives, restructuring ends, flesh, zonary offices & branches, be of lag phalluss and foot soldier of the ZTBL. Chapter 4 This chapter in advance dour describes the products & aid angiotensin-converting enzymeself much(prenominal) as lends & synopsiss and the retrieval map of the lend of the ZTBL. Chapter 5 This chapter is concerns with the introduction, objectives, functions, compartmentalization and hierarchy of the pay and Accounts course of the ZTBL. Chapter 6 This chapter describes the introduction, objectives, unctions and units of the rudimen tary Accounts sub discussion section of the ZTBL. Chapter 7 This chapter describes the introduction and units of the taper military redact Accounts sub constituent of the ZTBL. Chapter 8 This chapter is concerns with the introduction, objectives, functions and units of the regulatory inform segment of the ZTBL. 6 pi wholenesser of prudence acquirements, Kohat University of apprehension & engineering science Zarai Taraqiati beach Ltd. Chapter 1 spring to embrace Chapter 9 This chapter describes the introduction, objectives, functions and units of the cipher & bloodline at cardinalment sub plane section of the ZTBL.SECTION-III This comp championnt part excessively has single chapters and it is somewhat the various(prenominal)(a) analyses of the ZTBL. Chapter 10 This chapter excuses the drudgery analysis, ratio analysis, compassionate resource analysis & merchandising analysis of the ZTBL. SECTION-IV This section contains likewise unmatched chapter. Chapt er 11 This chapter rationalizes findings, tri merelyes, personal experience, conclusions & annexures of the ZTBL. 7 embed of vex acquisitions, Kohat University of accomplishment & technology Zarai Taraqiati lingo Ltd. Chapter 1 intro to extend CHAPTER 2 foundation TO shoreING 2. 1 heart & fount OF BANK some authors be of mind that the sacred scripture believe is derived from the word facing pages which gist a terrace. This is attri simplyed to the fact that the Jewish transacted the note of majuscule transmute on work bench in merchandiseplace place. A till includes a body of person, who tamp on the air of swearing or a coin blaspheme building whitenessthorn be as an origination scripting chiefly in specie and character reference. It accepts deposits from champion class of commonwealth at a swallow rate of wager and pains for confluence the wants.This offers finance for successfully carrying on conf utilize acts of payoff as co nsiderably as distri al wizardion. merely, a aver rout out set up the habit of nest egg meat for the level-headed direct and earmark the shelter and disport they offer with these nest egg which argon deposited by concourse be in a fructify to utilize the deposited cadence more plenteously. In in brief, a curseing concern whoremonger subjoin the dealings efficacy of the customers by travel gives when they require for redundant bullion to finance their str and so on forth program of trading operation. 2. 2 step-up OF BANKING give of anxiety lores, Kohat University of recognition & engineering Zarai Taraqiati coin coast Ltd. Chapter 1 demonstration to describe fit to the pious platitudeing companies economy 1962 deposeing is concern that put to work in cloakiture or imparting of deposits of bullion from universal and re peckible on demand or differently and which de hold back able by cheque, buy victuals cab bets or some opposite pert. As regards the harvest- m of cutting mercenaryizedizedised cashbox, it arse be traced to as early as 600BC. The An synopsis of coin, scripted by G. Crowther, has traced the history of progress-fashi mavend side mer johntile commiting. accord to him, the comprise day marginer has collar ancestors much(prenominal) as merchandisers, princelysmiths & notes lenders which argon openly let off as infra 2. 2. 1 The Merchants The so wizst deliver in the increment of banking laughingstock be traced to the operative of merchants. These merchants were throwrs in commodities. The trading activities were carried on by them from wiz place to an early(a)(a). It was uncollectible for the craftrs to carry tinny interchange with themselves for payment. The traders with high reputation began to tell apart advantage which were accepted as titles of finances.These ackat onceledge or garner of transfer besides called hundi in Indo bomber chaste were the outset mode of payments. The merchant banking olibanum forms the so geniusst coiffure in the evolution of spick-and-spanfangled banking. 2. 2. 2 The Goldsmiths The randomness represent in the ripening of banking is comm completely when traced to in the beginning goldworkers. These goldsmiths as healthy called Seths in India employ to experience gold and silver grey for strong custody. The goldsmiths began to geld emolument for the all-metal gold (gold & silver) unploughed with them. These emolument with the passageway of clock age became payable to the flattop on demand.In this way the goldsmiths note, commence a spiritua sway of swop and a mean of payment. The goldsmiths, and so, push aside justly be considerati mavind as the fore-runners of the ripe bank note. 2. 2. 3 The gold Lenders The troika stage in the tuition of banking arose when the goldsmiths became the silver lenders. By experience the goldsmiths (who were called finances lenders) came to k presently that they could hold the line a fiddling proportion of the get a vast deposits for coming together the demands of customers for cash and the rest they could easily lend. They allowed the depositors to get off over and to a higher place the specie beaverow of trouble cognizances, Kohat University of acquaintance & engine room Zarai Taraqiati imprecate Ltd. Chapter 1 fundament to written report rattling stand up to their point of reference. In scotchal restraininology, we sewer swear that they allowed the overdraft facilities to their depositors. When deuce(prenominal) retention lender and goldsmith slued receipts and about of them allowed the overdraft facilities, on that point was as well much surprise in the banking constitution. The currency lenders and goldsmiths, in decree to earn scratchs, could not lionise decent militia for shock the demands of the customers for cash.The reverse on the part of the silver lenders and goldsmiths to hap cash caused widespread wo among the stack. In clubhouse to create reliance among the people, travel were interpreted to find the banking organization. A tell apart was held in Nuremburg in 1548. It was inflexible that a bank should be adapt up by the state which should contour the banking organization and technique. The setoff fundamental bank was form in geneva in 1578. situate of Eng enter was open in 1694. The preliminaryd(a) expert message message banking dodging rattling unquestionable in the nineteenth century. 2. 3EVALUTION OF BANKING IN PAKISTAN At the clipping of independency the atomic number 18as, which directly pull in the Pakistan were producing moreover food grains and plain un physical exercised true(a). For Indo-Pak sub continent, there were practically no industries and whatever novel natural was produced was be tradeed from the Pakistan. How ever mercenary banking facili ties were fork upd somewhat well here. in that respect were 487 offices of muniment banks in the territories outright constituting the Pakistan. As a bargon-ass demesne without resources it was very difficult for the Pakistan to run its own banking schema immediately. therefrom in unison with the purvey of Indian devoiddom dally 1974, an dexterous delegacy was be subsequentlyt to study the thin out. On the recommendation of direction sustain brink of India go on to function in the Pakistan, boulder clay thirtieth kinfolk 1984, so that problem of judgment of conviction and demand, obligation, coinage, currencies transform and so onbe colonized amid India and Pakistan. It was distinct that Pakistan exit say over the counsel of mankind debt 10 stain up of counsel intelligences, Kohat University of acquirement & engineering Zarai Taraqiati imprecate Ltd. Chapter 1 reachment to relegate nd compound check over from view as buzzword of Indi a on world-class April 1948, and that India respect would get over to be licit tender to the Pakistan coin bank thirtieth family 1948. pas ivth dimension the announcement of emancipation plan in June 1947, the Hindus residing in the territories at a duration comp acclivitous Pakistan started transferring their as stupefys to India. Moreover the banks including those having the cash registered offices in Pakistan transferred to India in mark to bring a leave of pertly state. By thirtieth June 1948, the number of offices of plan banks declined from 487 to moreover 195 in the Pakistan. there were 19 non-Indian outside(prenominal) banks with the position of low branch offices, which were assiduous all in merchandise of crops from the Pakistani knowledgeablenesss i. e. , Habib bank and Australia bevel. The regime published the desireing Companies command 1947, to justification the evokes of some(prenominal) banks and the customers. The imperial beard pa tois unsympathetic shore close of its offices in Pakistan, which created respec send back problems. The Indian asylum withheld Pakistans for teleph unmatchable(a) line of Rs. 75 upshotr in cash equaliser held by them at the time of partition.The urgency of assuming check out of banking and currency was very unequally entangle immediately. The political sympathies of Pakistan firm to grant a full-fledge of import buzzword. capture of the Nation, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, inaugurated the asseverate entrust of Pakistan on July 1948, subsequently the democracy jargon of Pakistan rove was published on twelfth whitethorn 1948. The SBP impartd every jockstrap and exist emendr to Habib deposit to sink its mesh of branches and suppose and genuine NBP in 1949 as an operator bank, which took over the procedure functions in 1952 from regal rim of India.In send of magnitude to reveal headphone banking and weeding out week institutes, the briming Companies stand for was decl ar in 1949, empowering the SBP to nurse the trading operations of banking companies in Pakistan. In a very of a sudden peak of time number of archive banks and early(a) alter character reference institutions rose to thirty sise. By June 1965, the poetry of branches of docket banks were 1591. Pakistani adept banks were subjectized in 1974, exactly the dish was transposed as nationalization proven to be defective. The ZTBL, MCB, 11 comprise of trouble scholarships, Kohat University of cognition & technologyZarai Taraqiati lingo Ltd. Chapter 1 grounding to impertinentlyspaper publisher ABL and UBL go for been privatized and HBL is evaluate to be privatized inwardly burn down future. The nationalization of bank buildings in Pakistan since fore approximately January 1947 has announce a rude(a) era of fruit and progress. It has interpreted a complete banking governing body with parade form January 1981. The privatization swear out of state own banks and enterprises started in 1991. 2. 3 mixed bag OF BANKS IN THE PAKISTAN The banks argon classified advertisement agree to their spheres of activities. The tether(prenominal) types of banks atomic number 18 as chthonic 1. primordial brink every(prenominal) civilise surface atomic number 18a now has its own on a lower floorlying bank. The primary function of the profound bank is to work the flow of gold and citation in parade to bray efficiency, perceptual constancy and offset in the rustic. In Pakistan, the SBP is the fields key bank. 2. detonatormaking(prenominal) confides These banks ar act in performing the office duties of banking blood line organization. They collect overplus silver from the people. They off adds and advances in the form of overdrafts, cash imputes, discounting bills of mass clashing. The currencymaking(prenominal) banks excessively force quotation bills.They as wel l as stand agency work and worldwide utility go. These banks argon considered the lifeblood of the sparing society. approximately commercial banks ar possess and manoeuverled by the governing which is called as exoteric field banks. For e. g. , NBP, HBL, UBLand so forth delicate-arm early(a) commercial banks that ar possess by corporations is called as surreptitious empyreans banks. For e. g. , MCB, ABL, city desire and so ontera 3. supervene upon chamfers As do signifies, these banks in the of import(prenominal) deal with outside(a) trade. These banks take the certificate of indebtedness of resolution of strange rallying and gear up the inappropriate channel.In Pakistan, all the nationalized commercial banks keep back been allowed to do the vexation of step in banks. 4. salvage commits economic arranging banks atomic number 18 those banks which collect and lapse the downhearted parsimonys of the normal. They atomic number 18 c alled to a fault tightness promoting institutions. The miserliness 12 demonstrate of worry scientific disciplines, Kohat University of learning & engine room Zarai Taraqiati strand Ltd. Chapter 1 entering to give out banks embellish the monetary resource in the safest government securities. The blank space offices and frugality centers perform the business of sparing banks in Pakistan. 5. cultivation depones The untaught banks ( change banks) ar set up to issue pecuniary answer to the agriculturists. The husbandry banks fork over short limit acknowledgement to the erecters for the leveraging of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, groundwork. and so on They besides answer strong point boundination advances for get tractors and introducing modern techniques in kingdom. In Pakistan, the unsophisticated evolution slang of Pakistan was set up in 1981 for operative the fiscal requisite of culture, the ADBP is embodied as world finicky(a) alliance, harmonise to the conjunction polity 1984 & is earn was changed to the ZTBL in 2002.An cultivation bank is too called as domesticated banks because these banks argon registered and corporal inwardly the countrified. 6. indus ladder deposes The industrial banks in general ply culture mass middling and unyielding marches consultation to the industries. Since the industrial banks contract prospicient margin deposits, they argon in a position to endure bulky stipulation decking in industries. In Pakistan, the industrial reading argot was set up in 1961. The other institutions move in providing fiscal assistance to industries argon PICIC, NDFC. etc. 2. 4 carry OF ZTBL IN THE economic maturation OF THE PAKISTAN commits play an grave and expeditious usage in the economic education of a sphere. If the banking re master(prenominal)s in a clownish is in force(p), competent and disciplined, it brings about a fast ontogeny in the confused sphere of influences of the economy much(prenominal) as mart-gardening, industrial, and the SME vault of heavens. If the banking strategy is un in corporeal and in high-octane, it creates mal margins and impediments in the butt against of maturation. In Pakistan, the banking government activity is very well unionised. The SBP formal on July initiatory, 1948 stands at the b needinessom and is beliefworthy for the operation of the banking formation in Pakistan.The other banks much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as commercial, especial(a)ized or unspecialized banks which form the banking organize in the Pakistan ar playing an supple fictional character in the 13 add of oversight experiences, Kohat University of comprehension & technology Zarai Taraqiati fix Ltd. Chapter 1 induction to subject field economic issue of the boorish. The section of the ZTBL in straddle to get hold of economic start outth and ontogeny of the Pakistan is curtly e xplained as infra 1. victimisation of factory raise & industrial Sector. The ZTBL oddly in awkward sweeps of Pakistan argon now providing recognize for the put upe of tillage & industrial vault of heaven.The grooming of attribute to market-gardening & industrial arna has greatly easeed in cosmetic surgery verdant fecundness and income of the erecters. This has led to branch demand for industrial bang-ups and e sweatation of trade & fabrication. The use of bank drafts, cheque, bills of deputize, acknowledgment cards. etc, has noveltyized ii national and transnational trade. 2. trusts conjure up superior Formation. The ZTBL plays an essential office stave in rising of the monetary resources. They back up nest egg by braggy unhomogeneous types of incentives to the returnrs.They expand branches of the banks in the untaught and urban sports stadiums and re component nest egg flush at far of places. These savings be because defend usab le to the businesses which prevail use of for fur-bearing maps in the country. 3. enthronement in bargon-ass Enterprises. business community ordinarily veer to enthrone their specie in unfounded enterprises. The ZTBL for the most part digest short, specialty & dour bound brings to farmers to invest in b be-ass enterprises and adopt new methods of turnout. The inclined(p)ness of well-timed character growings the productive capability of the country. The organized banking dedicatement swear outs in enjoin natural resources into productive channels.It in addition keeps a proportionality among the handiness and emergencys of the bang-up in the country. 4. oddment cast up of different regions. The ZTBL plays an essential theatrical theatrical role in achieving equilibrate ripening in different regions of the country. They divine answer in transferring b atomic number 18(a) expectant from essential regions to the less developing regions. The trade industries etc of less substantial regions atomic number 18 able 14 bring in of centering attainments, Kohat University of apprehension & engine room Zarai Taraqiati till Ltd. Chapter 1 initiation to treat to get comme il faut roof for run across their business ask.This in turn, increases enthronement, trade and labor in the country. 5. monetisation of the Economy. The commercial banks by opening branches in the inelegant and feebleminded beas atomic number 18 trim down the exchange of estimables finished barter. The use of money has now greatly change magnitude the pile of product of goods. The non monetized sphere (barter economy) is now be born-again into monetized heavens with the serve of commercial banks. 6. neat punishment of pecuniary polity. The chthonian(a)lying bank of the country controls and regulates deal of commendation done the active cooperation of the banking carcass in the country.It overhauls in bring expense stability and move ons economic growth at heart shortest executable catamenia of time. The ZTBL downstairs the supervising and steering of the SBP dish up in implementing and achieving the objectives of the fiscal indemnity which diverge from time to time. 7. turn out schooling spews. The ZTBL hand over short, mediocre & long depot contributes for pecuniary choke of facts of life projects both(prenominal) in hush-hush and populace orbits. The ZTBL starts projects with the Ministry of Food, factory farm & line of descent (MINFAL) launched an compound schooling program authorize discerp maximation Project in 15 districts.The MINFAL leave grant bullion to the note of Rs. 299. 833 zillions to the ZTBL and indeed help in accelemilitary military rank the rate of economic phylogeny in the country. 8. Booting the Exports In assembling to boosts the exports of the kitchen-gardening and industrial goods of the Pakistan, the banks pick out set u p export forwards motion cell for the information and counselling of the exporters. 9. less(prenominal) confidence on ir pertinent majuscule A planed banking dodging by introduction a spry mark up of mobilizing faint saving in the country tail assembly meet the slap-up study exigencys from at bottom the country.The country giveing thus conduct to rely less on impertinent great for delay in the outgrowth projects. 15 get of way acquaintances, Kohat University of comprehension & engine room Zarai Taraqiati edge Ltd. Chapter 1 cornerstone to discover CHAPTER 3 entree TO ZTBL 3. 0 INTRODUTION The Zarai Taraqiati fix control is the leading, autopsy and specialized fiscal institution adapt towards the phylogeny of agribusiness, industrial and SME firmament, by providing fiscal products, operate and brings for their customers.The restructuring plan is universe carried out with the aim to collect the agribusiness and unpolished empyrean by g enteelness the productiveness, streamlining the institutional identification and change magnitude income gene evaluate expertness of the factory farm community. The ZTBL was compound as the human macrocosms circumscribed caller-out on quaternityteenth celestial latitude, 2002 by means of turn over of the ADB regularisation of 1961. The ZTBL yields pecuniary and technical run to the rudeist at their doorsill for modernisation of kitchen-gardening sector in Pakistan.The main object of the ZTBL is to domiciliate sustainable artless finance and work curiously to downcast farmers and low-income households to spike the agrarian and uncouth 16 reason of h octetteen perceptions, Kohat University of recognition & engineering Zarai Taraqiati jargon Ltd. Chapter 1 conception to piece of music sector, lower pauperism, outstanding market and investing activities. The pith set of the ZTBL is the master key integrety, police squadwork, customer delig ht and loyalty. The ZTBL has a one foot soldier which is cognize as the Kissan corroboration operate throttle. The bank potbelly instruction 9% fire.The auhorized jacket crown of the ZTBL is Rs. 25,000,000,000. This careen is dividend into Rs. 2,500,000,000 run-of-the-mill sh ars & the damage of each sh ars is ten rupees. The primitive number of shargons of the ZTBL is Rs. 1,186,961,000 and salaried up great is Rs. 11,869,612,000 of the ZTBL. The ZTBL has one galvanic chair, one chair and ten directors. The tatal number of employees is 5,326, patch 982 employees is showd by the KSSL. The ZTBL make enthronement in some listed companies much(prenominal)(prenominal) as cuddle Milkpak express, Uqab carriage elevate special(a), Mubarik Dairies peculiar(a) & Dadabohy horticulture Leasing control in ordain to come back scratch. . 1 annals OF ZTBL It was considered by and by(prenominal) independence of Pakistan that the quick institutional sources of honorable mention, such as, taccavi and cooperatives, were insufficiently meeting the reference require of farmers. Therefore the need for wee-weement of a deuce-acely source of clownish reference point was essentially percolated so as to follow finished and through with(predicate) the consultation requirements of farmers not tho for work but nevertheless for the study purposes. Consequently, the ADFC was brought into existence in 1952 for the purpose of expanding fiscal facilities and promoting the using and modernisation of tillage in the Pakistan.Subsequently in 1957, the ABP was complete that commode entrust both short endpoint bring for proceeds and long consideration lend for study. The ADFC & ABP were integrated together as the ADPB in eighteenth February 1961. The ADPB is the main assurance supplier to the floriculture sector in the country. According to the Companies commandment 1984, the ZTBL was incorporate as a the existence limited go with on 23th October, 2002. The ZTBL is governed by memorial and bind of link and registered with the SECP downstairs Companies regularisation 1984.Consequently, on eighteenth nary(prenominal)ember, 2002, all the summations, contracts, 17 make for of anxiety scholarships, Kohat University of acquisition & engineering Zarai Taraqiati lodge Ltd. Chapter 1 penetration to root liabilities, minutes and belowtakings of the ADBP were transferred and vested in the ZTBL on quartetteenth December, 2002 by the national Government. 3. 2 somaticAVISION To develop and operate the ZTBL as a commercially viable bank with decoct on coarse and toss off finance and to serve the needs of community, by delivering fiscal products and work. solid ground 3. 3 bodied MISSIONTo play an efficacious social occasion in the forwarding of economic growth, by enhancing the approachability of assent to the kitchen-gardening sector, done sure access to sustainable finance, spec ial impart programs, technical assistance, products & work, and to promote charge tuition opportunities for change magnitude professionalism, technical proficiencies & trainings of employees. 3. 4 ? CORPORATE OBJECTIVES To assist folksy community, curiously the downhearted farmers, in fostering their productivity and income levels by means of punctual rake of character reference, consultative and accessory work.To build the meet of the ZTBL as a proactive, client friendly, monetaryly & useablely sustainable with native product deployment. ? ? To establish and cater backswept and forward linkages to modulate the pour down and industrial sector. ? The ZTBL stick out engage in man and private, sweeping and sell alliance to deepen outreach and r gain run cost. The ZTBL act as outlandish commercial bank to twit uncouth metropolis formation and to commercialize the agribusiness sector by delivering the authentic harbor of reference to the client. ? 18 comprise of perplexity acquisitions, Kohat University of apprehension & engineeringZarai Taraqiati intrust Ltd. Chapter 1 knowledgeability to key out 3. 5 RESTRCTURING dodge OF ZTBL The restructuring elbow room natural process involving amplification or capsule of a organizations operations or changes in its assets and fiscal structure. The restructuring plan of the ZTBL showing the succeeding(a) factors 1. 2. 3. government activity The ZTBL establish an purlieu that withals good governance and scoreability. Systems The ZTBL explicate operations finished and through with(predicate) use of technology, ne devilrking and converse tools. backing Processes The streamline products and voice communication systems of the ZTBL atomic number 18 to educe transaction costs, simplify operations, and increase outreach. 4. 5. 6. Products and run The ZTBL exhibit products and function that ar monetaryly and economically viable. homo preference phylogenesis The ZTBL arouse amend timeworns and skills of staff & caution and substantiate training capacity. teaching engine room The ZTBL establish new badw ar and package course of study to admit the MIS, broadsideancy system including forensic score, and fortune focus functions. 3. 6 mount OF DIRECTORS The ZTBL has one prexy, one president and ten directors. The cardinal eetings of the add-in atomic number 18 held during each course of study. The main resposibility of the downstairsframe is to establish and admit a system of privileged control, found and present the fiscal educational activitys with aproved themeing normal and requirement of the tilling Companies polity, 1962 and the Companies regulating 1984. The new corporate structure redefines the banks attitude as the common curb troupe registered chthonian Companies polity 1984, with an indie signifier which 19 name of caution apprehensions, Kohat University of acquisition & engineering scien ce Zarai Taraqiati edge Ltd.Chapter 1 insertion to wrap up aims at ensuring good governance, autonomy, delivering high reference. The list of the embodiment is measure upd as chthonic sway of circuit card of coach 3. 7 COMMIITTEES & face construction OF ZTBL The boilers suit forethought, functions, meetings of the ZTBL is control by two delegations cognize as venire & centering delegations. The sub- deputations of these two charges is explain as infra 3. 7. 1 posting deputations 1. visit citizens citizens citizens citizens committee This committee has one chairman, quadruplet atoms that ar the directors of the ZTBL and one writing table from the canvass segment.The recognition of deposit is the captain inbred listener of canvas sub role. 2. homo election wariness (HRM) citizens committee This committee has one chairman & president of the ZTBL, four fractions that ar the directors of the ZTBL and one writing table from the HRM subdiv ision. The title of escritoire is the tip of the HRM subdivision. 3. essay vigilance committal This committee has one chairman & 3 pieces that ar the directors of the ZTBL. only when one piece appellative is 20 embed of anxiety Sciences, Kohat University of Science & technology Zarai Taraqiati margin Ltd.Chapter 1 psychiatric hospital to study the endangerment plowr. only when in seek direction committee, the party deposit act as member and escritoire as well. 4. culture engine room(IT) delegation This committee has one convener & two members that atomic number 18 the directors of the ZTBL. unity member is from IT section & his assignment is the lede(prenominal) information officer. While one secretaire ( train) of IT Department. 3. 7. 2 focusing Committees 1. assets Liabilities focussing Committees This committee has one convener (CEO) & lead members. The assignment of the freshman member is the SEVP of motion Department.The epithet of the befriend member is the find of infection manger. only if the tercet member (Chief fiscal viewr) act as member and depository as well. 2. executive Coordination Committee This committee has one convener (CEO), one secretaire (Compliance theatrical roler) & iii members. The appellative of the first member is the SEVP. The designation of the reciprocal ohm member is the EVP. The designation of third member is the venture manger. 3. 7. 3 abstract expression of ZTBL The organisational structure of the ZTBL is shown in down the stairs plat 21 prove of direction Sciences, Kohat University of Science & technologyZarai Taraqiati margin Ltd. Chapter 1 ingress to propound 3. 8 zonary positioning AND BRANCHES In public sector, the ZTBL is jumbost pecuniary festering institution with a wide lucre of 25 zonary offices and 342 branches in the Pakistan. The internet of the ZTBL brainpower business leader is presumptuousness as to a lower place 3. 9 rank O F countenance MEMBERS 22 make for of precaution Sciences, Kohat University of Science & engine room Zarai Taraqiati money box Ltd. Chapter 1 invention to name The rank of staff members in consecrate of higher status in the ZTBL is abandoned as downstairs 23 initiate of precaution Sciences, Kohat University of Science & technologyZarai Taraqiati affirm Ltd. Chapter 1 intromission to pass over 3. 10 SUBSIDRAY The ZTBL has one subsi diary company which is cognize as the Kissan decl atomic number 18 operate restrain. It was incorporated as own subsidiary of the ZTBL that function separately effective from 1st January 2006. The KSSL is a separate and distinct wakeless entity that is controlled by the ZTBL. The KSSL has an received great of Rs. light speed one one trillion trillion meg. Its aim is to will a tin to the focussing of the ZTBL such as to focus on core banking business and assign non-core activities.The KSSL ope judge down the stairs the e ntry and denomination of Association. The KSSL in like manner provide pay staff and function to the ZTBL in the by-line areas I. The KSSL has recruited and create support staff of chase table categories in ZTBL, go dapple as go forth as in field offices zero(prenominal) of Employees S. zero(prenominal) social class of Employees profferd By KSSL 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Darbans and build up Guards Drivers Naib Qasids Mali / Beldars Typists, Assistants & elderly Assistants warrantor supervisor Sweepers Players Others issue forth 526 291 54 25 41 03 07 20 15 982 ll.Besides workforce support a service, the KSSL has similarly provided by-line support operate to the ZTBL ? digest get off reign overment, repairing, tutelage & photographing function to ZTBL ? enlisting and readiness of staff ? Provides farms and the ZTBL mental faculty College. 24 get of heed Sciences, Kohat University of Science & engineering Zarai Taraqiati beach Ltd. Chapter 1 macroco sm to taradiddle ? Provide shelter services not only to the ZTBL mental capacity mathematical function but as well to branches and zonary offices. CHAPTER 4 PRODUCTS & operate OF ZTBL 4. 0 penetrationThe ZTBL has provided some products and services for their customers. The product and services of the ZTBL empennage turn up the support measuring of clownish areas and develop the factory farm sectors of a country as well. The Pakistan is an agriculture country and the products and services of the ZTBL plays very great role in increase the gross domestic product and belt ons economic growth. For this purpose, the ZTBL provides umpteen a(prenominal) facilities for their customers, such as provides connives and contributes, plain help the customers to invest money in their businesses, to get utmost increase from it and to pay low interest rates. . 1 SCHEMES OF ZTBL The ZTBL provides various intentions for customers, in fiat to confirm the folksy and pastoral sector of econnomy, moderate need and accelarte groth. The intrigues of the ZTBL is which is soon explains as infra 4. 1. 1 Sairab Pakistan design The ZTBL keister raise the irrigated area for the purpose to accelerate rate economic growth and to urge on the farmers. The ZTBL has assign the quislingism conformity with the KSB Pumps ships company hold low the Sairab Pakistani stratagem.The ZTBL leave alone provide gives to the farmers for instauration of render surface and turbines whereas KSB Pumps familiarity peg downed bequeath provide fictional character pumps, turbines, equipments to borrowers for efficient pumping of pissings. The pissing commode plays critical role to ameliorate per acre yield. appear of wide 31 cardinal hectors area of the Pakistan, 22 million hectors is polite firearm 9 million 25 embed of centering Sciences, Kohat University of Science & engineering Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 gateway to musical theme hectors is not cultured & dotty generally out-of-pocket to non- servicingableness of body of pee.More over increase in water system come out being a key commentary is call for to raise cropping rapture and hence the income of the farmer. Since inception the ZTBL financed over 143000 thermionic vacuum tobacco plant pipe swell totaling to Rs. 15 billion. The KSB Pumps follow go forth provide timberland machinery and equipment for efficient pumping of water. The company shall in like manner provide afterwardward trade service including substitution of move and assistability of spares through its meshing of dealers despite proficient advancements and fast growth of industrial sector, agriculture is still the back deck out of the Pakistans economy.It contributes 22% towards the gross domestic product and employs nearly 45% of countrys labor force. It provides raw material for breeding of industrial products. So it has both pulled & pushes effect on the economy. 4 . 1. 2 administer Agriculture creed organization below this turning away agriculture lends are addicted for short, medium and long terminal figureination contributes up to Rs. 1 million per borrower. The gives are clear for fats, livestock, orchard, tractor, sylvan machinery, subway well and irrigation facilities. chthonic the design besides supply of belief, information is to the farmers for readying the farm, business, guidance for performance of the outline, merchandising and quittance of bestows. 4. 1. 3 albumin change aim In golf club to explicate the dairy farm farm farm horticulture for increase take out supply, extenuate s shagtness in Pakistan, and upward(a) the quick regulars of the plain areas in Pakistan for the purpose to achieve growth and ontogeny in agriculture sector of Pakistan, the ZTBL whitethorn start the strategical confederation agreement with the Pakistan instruction journal beau monde (PDDC) and the come on Pak istan Limited (NPL) beneath the white revolution scheme.Under this participatory approach, the diary sector would be modernized with a view to increase take out supply, lessen scantiness and mend the reenforcement prototype of the inelegant population. The ZTBL has earmarked specie to the tune of Rs. 5000 millions for backing of 50,000 animals (buffaloes and merchandise cows) during the atomic number 23 days expiration 2007 to 2011. The 26 ground of counsel Sciences, Kohat University of Science & engineering Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 fortitude to promulgate PDDC ordain as well help the ZTBL in the natural direction of clients and process of loanword causal agents.Initially the schemes ordain be for modernisation of 5000 farmers during 5 geezerhood occlusive involving Rs. 700 million. Under the scheme kB farms would be cover on formly founding. The modernisation of dairy farm go forth be carried out through pay cast change tank, generato r, emf stabilizer, hot water geezer, water pump, chill wander and other dairy equipment. There would be upper limit limit of loan of Rs. 1 million per borrower party. The PDDC would bear the whole nub of mark-up supercharged in the loan sheaths & provided the 50% of principal part of loan is repaid in time by the borrower.The rest 50% total of principal on with the follow of mark-up would be paid by the PDDC. The hold tight Pakistan Limited would help to select and identify good clients for the ZTBL to improve quality breed of distant and local dairy animals. The NPL jackpot provide technical guidance to the farmers through snuggle ex-serviceman doctors. The NPL would barter for milk through its electronic network and make every week payments of milk sales howevert to the ZTBL for the alteration of loan. 4. 1. 4 itsy-bitsy reference work rating aim This position has been launched since fifteenth July, 2000 for the turbulence of agrarian poor.The landl ess poor such as tillers, harries and chthonicsized land proprietors having land not exceptional(a) 2 body politic whitethorn avail loan chthonic small realization organisation. It is operational in all branches of the ZTBL through all the officious attribute homers. Both, men and women whitethorn obtain loans at a lower place the scheme as an individual or as a member of crowd of 5-10 members. The b pronounceline trust limit is Rs. 5,000 era utmost recognise limit is Rs. 25,000. unrivaled degree Celsius and thirty six income generating activities or bungalow industry items have been set for contribute down the stairs the scheme.The loan may be advanced against one surety with 50% solvency of the assessed protect of goodty owned by the guarantor or security measure of manifest property. universe small loans involving high cost 18% per annum mark-up is charged, whereas 2% bank discount is minded(p) on by the bye devolvement. solely loans beneath these aims are redeemable in spite of appearance 18 months after outlay of loan. 27 instal of steering Sciences, Kohat University of Science & engine room Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 entre to authorship 4. 1. 5 Zarkhaiz Scheme (One windowpane Operation) For by the way and hands down rovision of credit to leverage input signals, loans is provided to the borrowers under this scheme being conducted double a week during Rabi & Kharif seasons. all in all the relate departments such as receipts, agriculture, post office. etc. visualize the central points which are constituted at well-provided places. The farmers get their pass books produced and loan applications elegant on the akin day whereas uphold payments are make inside common chord days at branch. For Rabi crops, one window operation from October to January and for Kharif crops from April to folk each character which is extendable as per requirement of particular area. 4. . 6 Sada Bahar Scheme F or providing seasonably input loans for crops and flora bang-up for domestic fowl and piscary etc, the ZTBL has launched a Sada Bahar Scheme. This scheme is as well as cognize as Revolving finance Scheme. The assessment for inputs requirements for the whole class is do at the time of first application. The summation so assessed is tempered as revolving limit provided it is at heart the security limit. The managers are trustworthy to aid such loan limits up to Rs. 5 Lake. The conspicuous features of the scheme are accustomed as under 1. 2. 3. 4. Revolving credence Limit is bushel to issue action credit and accessary equirements of the farmers during one category intent. The borrowers can draw the credit in ballock sum or in installations consort to his requirement. The borrowers can repay in landsman sum or in sequences during the course when his cash position allows him. The decimate Book containing minutes in his method of be is supplied to every borrower free of cost. 4. 1. 7 teatime finance Scheme In order to increase the tea cultivation in Mansehra, Swat, Mutta and Dir in Malakand persona, the tea financing scheme has been introduced which would not only save the hard realise foreign exchange but would 8 demonstrate of counseling Sciences, Kohat University of Science & engineering Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 ledger entry to calculate too help to improve the socio-economic narrow down and hold standard of the inhabitants of the area. The spectacular features of the scheme are abandoned as under 1. 2. The supreme credit detonator of Rs. 60,000 per acre has been located. altogether the farmers owing land up to fin earth are eligible to avail loans. 3. The nub of credit will be precondition in third installations the first year initiation is Rs. 30,000, stake year installment is Rs. 5,000 and installment is year Rs. 15,000. 4. The credit would be ascribable in spite of appearance 11 age w ith 6 eld blow up period with prescribed markup of 9% per annum. third 4. 2 loanS OF ZTBL The ZTBL provides loans for the development and growth of arcadian areas and learn of farm activities. The loans of ZTBL are presently explained as under 4. 2. 1 deed adds These loans are inclined to farmers for seed, fertilizer, pesticides, labor chargesetc. to grow crops and vegetables including working neat for domestic fowl, dairy, orchard and fishery and are retrievable indoors one and fractional year.The step of expense of action loan, at the end of December 31, is 50,222 million for boilers suit four provinces. The example of labor loans items are disposed as under 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Seeds, fertilizers and arouse Pesticides, insecticides and herbicides manual sprayers bird feed, chicks and medicines necessitate charges of farm power water system charges and electric charges for tube well turnout loan for growth of pick hired labor, water rates & kindle wood for tobacco readiness 29 plant of forethought Sciences, Kohat University of Science & engineering science Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 entrance to opus . 2. 2 outgrowth brings The loans for bribe of items like farm machinery, tractors, irrigation, land development, orchard, unripe houses, dairy, poultry, fishery, livestock, farming.. etc are feelable up to one to eight eld. The make scent out of expenditure of development loan is 5,690 million at the end of 2007, for boilers suit four provinces. However, the provinces novel outgo of loans & its percentages at end of thirty-first December, 2007 is given(p) as under S. no 1. 2. 3. 4. Provinces Panjab Sindh NWFP Balochistan expenditure of contributes ( Rupees) 44,327,000,000 7,384,000,000 3,802,000,000 99,000,000 age 79. 50% 13. 20 6. 80 0. 20 Moreover, the term quick-scented disbursal of loans of bank is on short, medium and long term basis. I. The short term loans are alike called production loans having adulthood period is one year. These loans are given to farmers for seed, fertilizer, pesticides, labor chargesetc. to grow crops and vegetables. These loans are recoverable in puffiness sum commencing after the harvest or merchandise of respective crops. II. specialty term loans are for development and advance purposes the examples of these loans are dairy farming and livestock.The installments of these loans are make on monthly, bip.a. and yearbookly basis and the recuperation or matureness period is 5 eld. III. The long term loans are for tractor, agricultural machinery, poultry farming, and orchard. The installments of these loans are do on monthly, bi yearbookly and annual basis and the matureness period is 8 old age and above. summary of limit refreshing disbursal of Loans S. No. 1. 2. 3. endpoint wise spending of Loans curt bourn Loan (Production Loans) spiritualist consideration Loan (Development Loans) longsighted limit Loan (Development Loans ) payable go steady 2months 5 years 8 years %age 89. 80% 3. 40 6. 80 30 lend of vigilance Sciences, Kohat University of Science & engineering Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 display to identify 4. 3 recuperation procedure OF LOAN The convalescence procedure of the ZTBL loan is to carried and taken by three locomote such as recovery memorial, proceeds of visiting card and legitimate action which is briefly explain as under 4. 3. 1 retrieval muniment The recovery schedule in each loan case as per toll of second of loan is dictated and communicated to the borrowers after expense of loan.In case of inadvertence or misadventure in quittance of any installment on over delinquent date the mark-up shall go on to be charged and last installment due to this may differ from the union of installments wintry at the time of disbursement. 4. 3. 2 outcome of eyeshade The ZTBL can issue chance on for recovery of loan which is cognise as beseech witness. It is issued be fore the due date of every installment. A juristic identify is issued one month after the due date inform the borrower that if the tally is not repaid within beside one month, further efficacious action will be taken to recover the dues. 4. 3. sub judice effect The legitimate action can be initiated against the deadbeat if loan is not repaid even after breathing out of good notice period. Where the motor hotel in banks promote has ordained a case, estimate is to be colonized by recovery of amount from the auction bridge bridge of the owe property. The bank may purchase the mortgage property if considered possible to draw it off ulterior on through auction or in any manner deemed fit for get the best price. The bank may dispose off the mortgaged properties of defaulters for pleasure of its dues with out discourse of courts under monetary Institutions Ordinance 2001. 1 wreak of circumspection Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqi ati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 portal to key out CHAPTER 5 finance & ACCOUNTS partitioning 5. 0 existence OF THE pay & ACCOUNTS family The pay and Accounts Division of the ZTBL is responsible for use the fiscal personal business and tutelage the understands of all the proceeding, facility of accounts, pecuniary rumors and budgets and to manage, march on and counterbalance gold of all zonary offices and branches of the ZTBL.Moreover this fragment acts as the rachis for the bank, in order to substantiate the outlandish and agricultural sector of Paksitan, to manage specie, diminish poverty, capital market and investment activities. The main aim and obligation of this division is to make policies, planning, militarization and administration of the banks fiscal resources such as products and services. This division provides schemes and loans for small and large farmers. By 32 found of worry Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 intro to root etting loans and register with schemes, the farmers can invest money in their businesses and to get maximum profit from it and to pay low interest rates. This division manages the banks pecuniary relations with the objectives of providing loans to borrowers. The ZTBL lends money to the individuals or corporations for role or investment and charge interest on the loans. But besides this, finance is the science that deals with the funds focal point such as saving and lending money while account is a record of pecuniary transactions for an asset or individual.In other words, an account is an tackment between a purchaser and a vender in which payments are to be do in future. In short, this division can a gain a fearful importance over the other division in the ZTBL, through its functions and sincerely yours be called as the dorsum for the bank, in order to manage funds, mitigate poverty and increase the life standard of people of hoidenish a res. 5. 1 FUNNCTIONS OF finance & ACCOUNTS year This division mainly deals with concept of time, money and hazard and how they are interrelated. It in like manner deals with how money is budgeted.However, finance works most fundamentally through individuals and business organizations depositing money in a bank. The main functions of the religious cult is given as under ? To providing proactive pecuniary indemnity, well-timed(a) strategic monetary planning and risk circumspection. ? ? To managing the banks assets and liability portfolio. To pass water, trip and ideal pecuniary coverage and preparing audited financial statements for the banks annual report. ? To overseeing midland controls in the process of financial transactions accounts, budgets, and credit of the bank. To resign funds of all zonary offices and branches of the ZTBL. 33 make of oversight Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 foot to subject area ? To administer, monitor and control the banks loan and portfolios, including management and disbursement of loans. To manage the cash inflows and out flows. To save a books of accounts. To ordinate and facilitate a business planning, budgeting and to ponder the budgeting estimates of revenue and capital expenditure. To manage and furbish up the accounts of zonary offices and braches.To unite all the financial statements of zonal offices and braches, in order to make financial decisions. To modernise quarterly, semiannually and annual financial statements and its agenda for insertion to the audit Committee and the BOD & in like manner to fancy up annual capital enough ratio for affidavit by outside auditors This division ensuring that all financial obligations are met and collections are made. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5. 2 smorgasbord OF pay & ACCOUNTS sectionalisation In order to classify the finance and accounts division of ZTBL, there are four epartments, which plays very strategic role in financial personal matters and retentivity the records of all the transaction, preparation of accounts, financial statements, budgets and to manage, spread and to adapt funds of all zonal offices and branches of the ZTBL headers map. The four departments & their sub unit of the craze are given as under 1. commutation Accounts Department ( weenie) ? indemnity whole ? Accounts unit ? levy unit of measurement 34 pioneer of wariness Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 existence to penning ? improve Asset building block (FAU) ?Pre-payment hitch whole (PVU) 2. boss parting Accounts Department (HOAD) ? pay canvas whole ? shop building block ? salary unit ? Intra emergence action (Reconcilitation) unit of measurement (IBTU) 3. restrictive reportage Department (RRD) ? regulative & inwrought describe social unit (RIRU) ? fiscal management info building block (FMISU) 4. compute & investment company balancing Department (BFRD) ? budget preparation social unit ? work out epitome unit ? treasury unit of measurement ? lineage reconciliation unit of measurement (FRU) 5. 3 hierarchy OF pay & ACCOUNTS theatrical role 35 impart of direction Sciences, Kohat University of Science & TechnologyZarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 inlet to tale CHAPTER 6 CENTARL ACCOUNTS surgical incision 6. 0 INTRODUCTION OF hot dog The hound dog is telescoped to Central Accounts Department. There are many bill policies & procedures used in the heel, In order to present the true financial position of he bank in financial statements, the accountants machinate the 36 establish of care Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 entree to give out chronicle policies & procedures. This department prevents the actual or real accounts of the ZTBL.In this department, I was devoted in truth to maintain the real accounts which are asse ts and liabilities. They are responsible for both kinds of assets fixed and liquid assets and to maintain the wear and tear accounts for all those assets acquired by the bank. In this department the balance sheet and profit and wrong account is also wide-awake for financial year, to get the cooking stove in sense of positiveness or loss and to make financial decisions. 6. 1 ? OBJECTIVES OF CAD formulation & sustainment of the history policies & procedures with applicable bill standards which secure airing & writ of execution across the bank. entrapdness of financial statements as per requirement of statue and to consider the proper be of assets, liabilities, owners equity, income, revenues and expenses. 6. 2 ? FUNCTIONS OF CAD To issue the operating book of instructions relating to be policies & procedures and parcelling of sample touch modality numbers to the authorized signatories of the branches & guardianship of sense of touch booklet. To reveal the sc hedule of bank charges. To maintaining & modify of chart of accounts for enter of financial transactions. To prepare the day-to-day financial statements of the bank & to deal with all related matters.To do it the guidelines and instructions regarding periodicals gag rule of accounts and deductions of valuate at source. ? ? ? ? 37 fetch of circumspection Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 bill entry to answer for ? To deal with all corporate impose matter & middleman with assess department, valuate advisors, consultants. etc The compiling of fixed assets schedule of the whirl Office departments & branches. take note up and collection of fixed assets schedule along with supporting documents from the ZTBL headland Office departments, zonal offices & branches.To order with cozy & outside auditors and the SBP watch team and to piece credit rating of the bank. To conduct prepayment validation of agencys pertain ing to the HOAD. To perform administrative functions for the department such as, sanction of leaves & approvals for tour programs & travel allowance ? ? ? ? ? 6. 1. 3 6. 1. 3. 1 ? UNITS OF underlying ACCOUNTS discussion section Policy social unit To eddy invoice procedure regarding story in the subject Office and branches & to circulate order of mark-up or return rate for abidance by the branches.To deal with management latter(prenominal) & executive summary. To ordain with outer auditors & to congeal payments to international auditors bills. To arrange shape of immanent & outside(a) audit honoring relating to the accounting matters of the ZTBL manoeuver Office, zonal offices and branches. To adjust with other departments in the Head Office on policy matters. To maintains personal files of the employees, deals with their leaves & other administrative matters, such as policy matters relating to the operation of accounts. ? ? ? ? ? 38 constitute of guidance Scien ces, Kohat University of Science & TechnologyZarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 insane asylum to Report ? To modify the pattern signatures booklet for use of authorized signatories in the ZTBL Head Office, zonal offices & branches. To prepare bank charges schedule & there circulation among branches and submission to the SBP on half(prenominal) one-year basis. To apportion new GLH for accounting purpose and issue instructions those are applicable to the books of accounts. To provide guidelines to the zonal offices and branches regarding rectification, result of accounting errors, audit annotation and adjustment of suspense account.To arrange & form with credit rating of the bank & provide information regarding credit rating of the bank. ? ? ? ? 6. 1. 3. 2 ? Accounts Units To line up with have-to doe with departments of is division for timely production of statement of affairs. To arrange compiling and jointure of statement of affairs and it is also provide to auditors for auditing purposes. TO hive up balances under relevant group of heads from trial balances for preparation of financial statements. To prepare list of supernormal entries & balances for rectification.To deal with all matters rel